Steel brace is a popular option among seismic rehabilitation methods for school buildings, but it has a weakness in that the section area must be large enough to prevent buckling, so stiffness and strength are highly increased locally, and foundation reinforcing is required. On the contrary, BRB has strength that the steel core may be negligible since buckling is restrained, so the increase of stiffness and strength is insignificant, and foundation reinforcing may not be required. This study compared the effectiveness of both reinforcing methods for the seismic performance of school buildings by conducting both pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses. Steel brace and BRB reinforcing may not be satisfied by nonlinear dynamic analysis, even by pushover analysis. This result is due to the school buildings' low lateral resistance and high column shear strength ratio. Suppose BRB can be regarded as a general rehabilitation method. In that case, BRB reinforcing is a favorable and economical option for school buildings with low column shear strength ratio since it can better satisfy performance objectives than steel brace by pushover analysis with a small steel core and no foundation reinforcing.

본 연구는 유아의 양육자와의 관계 경험이 초연결 사회에 살고 있는 우리의 상호주관성과 어떻게 연결되고 있는지 살펴보고자 한다. 연구는 질적 연구방법 의 하나인 도구적 사례연구 관점으로 연구한 결과 첫째, 부모의 정서적 경험과 자신의 무의식이 연결되어 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 우리는 자신의 준거 틀로 세상과 관계하는 ‘장두노미(藏頭露尾)’의 상태에 있다는 것 을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 우리는 나의 주관성이 부모로부터 시작되어 모든 관계를 형성하기에, 현재의 ‘나’에 대한 이해를 통해 주변 사람들 과 상호주관적 연결을 만들어야 한다. 즉, 우리는 초연결 사회에서 ‘장두 노미’ 상태인 자신만의 세계에 머물러 있는 것이 아니라, 자신의 진실을 마주 하는 경험을 바탕으로 관계가 확장되길 기대한다.

Due to rapid spread of fireblight, the Rural Development Administration is supplying bactericides to farmers. However, research on inhibitory effects of main active ingredients in these bactericides on fireblight is lacking. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis is a non-destructive method for analyzing the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, enabling time-series data analysis of pathogen progression and allowing for large-scale studies. Therefore, this study analyzed inhibitory effects of main active ingredients in bactericides on fireblight using chlorophyll fluorescence response analysis. Flowering pear trees (three-year-old ‘Shingo’ variety) were sprayed with control agents and fire blight pathogens on flowers. Chlorophyll fluorescence responses were then measured at seven-day intervals. Twenty-eight days after bactericide treatment, the fluorescence of the O-J transition stage in the untreated group was twice as high as in the average bactericide-treated group presumably due to inhibition of electron transport in the PSII donor side caused by pathogen infection, leading to leaf necrosis. Additionally, the electron transport efficiency (ET2o, RE1o) decreased, reducing the driving force of photosynthesis (DF total ABS) to 20% of the average bactericidetreated group, indicating chlorophyll damage and reduced photosynthetic capacity. In conclusion, chlorophyll fluorescence technology can be used to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of fire blight control agents during the flowering period of pear trees.

본 연구는 애니매이션 『진격의 거인』 속 관계들을 프로이트의 구조적 관점을 통하여 21세기 현재 우리 나라에서 보여지는 MZ세대의 특징과 연결해보고자 하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 이드 충동으로써의 에렌은 현재의 만족만을 추구하는 MZ세대의 부정적 측면으로 나타나므로 계획하고 조 절할 수 있는 자아의 능력이 필요하다. 둘째, 박해적 초자아로써의 마레 는 MZ세대의 부모의 욕구에 동일시 되는 것으로 나타나므로 무의식적 죄책감이 자극된 초자아의 형성이 아닌 긍정적 초자아의 형성이 필요하 다. 셋째, 마비된 자아로써의 벽 안 인류는 MZ세대의 기본적인 욕구를 포기하는 것으로 나타나므로 이드 충동의 추구가 아니라 초자아를 완화 하고 자아를 강화하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 MZ세대는 자아를 강화하 기 위해 자신이 진정으로 원하는 것과 할 수 있는 것이 무엇인지를 찾아 야 하며 사회는 MZ세대를 이해하는 관심을 통하여 성숙하고 성장하여야 한다.

본 연구는 인간의 심층적이고 경험적 특성을 다루는 정신분석학과 타 고난 본성을 다루는 명리학 구조를 비교분석하여 동서양의 심리학적 이 론으로 인간 정신의 복잡하고 다층적인 이해를 도모하고자 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이에 프로이트의 지형학적 구조이론과 명리학 명조의 상관 성을 무의식과 천간·지지, 의식과 일간, 전의식과 지장간에서 고찰하였 다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 무의식과 천간·지지는 역동성을 포 함하는데 전의식과 지장간이 교량적 역할을 한다. 둘째, 의식과 일간은 균형을 지향한다. 셋째, 전의식과 지장간은 잠재적 요소가 존재한다. 결 론적으로 정신분석학과 명리학 구조의 역동성, 균형과 잠재성은 인간 정 신과 내면세계에 대한 통합적 시각을 제공하여 이를 통해 심리상담에서 인간이 주체적 삶을 살아가도록 다층적 이해를 강조한다.

For low-rise piloti-type buildings that suffered significant damage in the Pohang earthquake, the seismic performance of those designed by codes issued before and after the earthquake has been recently revised. This study started with the expectation that many of the requirements presented in the current codes may be excessive, and among them, the spacing of column stirrup could be relaxed. In particular, the recently revised design code of concrete structures for buildings, KDS 41 20 00, suggests that the column stirrup spacing is 1/2 of the minimum cross-sectional size or 200 mm, which is strengthened compared to KBC 2016, but relaxed than the current KDS, 41 17 00, which is 1/4 of the minimum size or 150 mm. As a result of the study, it was found that the target performance level was sufficiently satisfied by following the current standards and that it could be satisfied even if the relaxed spacing was followed. Therefore, the strict column stirrup spacing of KDS 41 17 00 could be relaxed if a wall other than core walls is recommended in the current guideline for the structural design of piloti-type buildings.

The Republic of Korea reclaimed land to increase its food self-sufficiency rate, but the yield was reduced due to abnormal climate. In this study, it was hypothesized that rapid and continuous monitoring technology could help improve yield. Using the vegetation index (VI) analysis, the drought stress index was calculated and the drought stress for corn grown in Hwaong, Saemangeum, and Yeongsan River reclaimed tidal land was predicted according to drying treatment. The vegetation index of corn did not decrease during the last 20 days of irrigation when soil moisture rapidly decreased, but decreased rapidly during the 20 days after irrigation. The reduction rate of the vegetation index according to the drying treatment was in the order of Saemangeum>Yeongsan River>Hwaong reclaimed tidal land, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) decreased by approximately 50% in all reclaimed tidal lands, confirming that drought stress occurred due to the decrease in moisture content of the leaves. In addition, structure pigment chlorophyll index (SIPI) and photochemical reflectance index (PRI), which are calculated based on changes in light use efficiency and carotenoids, were reduced; drought stress caused a decrease in light use efficiency and an increase in carotenoid content. Therefore, vegetation index analysis was confirmed to be effective in evaluating and predicting drought stress in corn growing on reclaimed tidal land corn.

說文解字는 한자의 체계적인 자전으로서 최초라 할 수 있는데, 특히 部首를 개 발하고 적용하여 특정 글자의 검색을 쉽게 하였다는 점이 더욱 그러하다. 다만 음양 오행에 근거하여 설정한 540개라는 적지 않은 부수의 개수는 검색에 있어서 뜻밖의 불편함을 야기하였다. 이때 허신은 부수의 순서를 부수의 형체의 연결인 形相과 의 미에 연결인 義相을 이용하여 배열하였다. 이 논문은 이 계련의 形相과 義相을 분석 하고 검증하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 앞서 說文 ｢卷一｣의 14개 부수를 대상으로 ‘系 聯’을 고찰하였으며, 이번 논문은 說文 ｢卷二·上/下｣15小∼44冊의 30개 부수의 ‘系 聯’을 고찰하였다.

본 논문에서는 인장 좌굴 현상을 소개하고 이를 이용한 음의 포아송 효과를 가지는 구조물에 대한 분석을 다룬다. 일반적으로 널리 알려진 좌굴은 압축하중 하에서의 안정성 문제임에 반하여, 인장 좌굴은 인장에 의해 국소적으로 압축력이 생겨 발생하는 좌굴이다. 고전적인 좌굴에 비하여 비교적 최근의 연구이기 때문에 상대적으로 잘 알려지지 않았다. 이에 인장 좌굴 현상을 에너지 관점에서 고 찰하고, 해석을 위하여 비틀림 스프링을 가지는 비선형 트러스 유한요소의 정식화를 수행하였다. 비선형해석을 통해 후좌굴 거동을 분석하고 비틀림 스프링이 주요 인자임을 확인하였다. 이러한 후좌굴 거동은 음의 포아송 비를 가지는 구조물에 적용할 수 있으며, 기 계적 스위치 등의 장치에 적용할 가능성을 보였다. 얻어진 결과들의 정확성 확인을 위하여 해석해와 상용 유한요소해석 결과들과 비 교하여, 개발된 유한요소 모델이 기초 설계에 유용함을 보였다.

說文解字는 字典이다. 자전은 결국 특정 글자의 검색을 위한 글자들의 집합이다. 이는 곧 자전을 이용하는 독자들의 편의를 도모해야 하는 필연적인 사명을 갖고 있 다는 의미이다. 許愼은 9,353개의 글자를 1차적으로 540개의 주제별로 모둠화하는 데 성공하였다. 곧 部首다. 2차적으로는 이 540개라는 많은 부수의 순서를 정하는 것인 데, 결코 쉽지 않은 난제였다. 그가 택한 방식은 기본적으로는 形體에 근거하여 순차 적으로 부수들을 배열하는 방식이다. 그러나 이 형체만으로는 540개를 잇기에 완벽 하지 않기에 형체에 意味를 추가하는 방식으로 부수를 배열하였다. 곧 據形系聯과 共理相貫이라는 기준이다. 淸代의 段玉裁는 이를 形相次와 義相次로 분석하였다. 이 논문은 설문 권1의 14개 부수를 대상으로 形相과 義相을 세밀히 분석하였다. 그래 서 각각의 부수들이 어떻게 계련 되는지를 밝히고자 한다.

Steel brace strengthening is the most popular seismic rehabilitation method for school buildings. This is because the design can be conducted by using relatively easy nonlinear pushover analysis and standard modeling in codes. An issue with steel brace strengthening is that the reinforced building should behave elastically to satisfy performance objectives. For this, the size of steel braces should be highly increased, which results in excessive strengthening cost by force concentration on existing members and foundations due to the considerable stiffness and strength of the steel braces. The main reason may be the brittle failure mode of columns, so this study investigated the relationship between the efficiency of steel brace strengthening and column failure modes. The result showed that the efficiency is highly dependent on the shear capacity ratio of columns and structural analysis methods. School buildings reinforced by steel braces do not need to behave elastically when the shear capacity ratio is low, and pushover analysis is used, which means reducing steel material is possible.

The column-tree type steel beam-column connections are commonly used in East Asian countries, including Korea. The welding detail between the stub beam and column is similar to the WUF-W connection; thus, it can be expected to have sufficient seismic performance. However, previous experimental studies indicate that premature slip occurs at the friction joints between the stub and link beams. In this study, for the accurate seismic performance evaluation of column-tree type moment connections, a moment-slip model was proposed by investigating the previous test results. As a result, it was found that the initial slip occurred at about 25% of the design slip moment strength, and the amount of slip was about 0.15%. Also, by comparing the analysis results from models with and without the slip element, the influence of slip on the performance of overall beam-column connections was examined. As the panel zone became weaker, the contribution of slip on overall deformation became greater, and the shear demand for the panel zone was reduced.

The 2017 Pohang earthquake caused severe damage to low-rise piloti buildings. The damage was caused mainly by column shear failure, and some core walls were as well. The damaged piloti buildings in Pohang City could be relieved if they were designed correctly according to the standards at that time. However, the post-earthquake investigation revealed design, construction, and permission problems. To solve the problems, the Piloti Building Structure Design Guidelines that include strict specifications were published in 2018. Separately, KDS 41 17 00, the seismic design standard for buildings, was enacted in 2019 and it included the guideline contents. Therefore, at least after the publication of the guidelines, piloti buildings, designed by the standard and guidelines, can be expected to possess better seismic performance than existing piloti buildings. To confirm this, the probability of exceedance for several damage state thresholds was estimated for existing and designed piloti buildings. As a result, the probability of damage of designed piloti buildings was very low compared to existing ones. Consequently, it was confirmed that the guideline and standard adequately supplement the structural fragility of existing piloti buildings.

Current seismic fragility functions for buildings were developed by defining damage state threshold based on story drift concerning foreign references and using the capacity spectrum method based on spectral displacement. In this study, insufficient details and dependence on the core location of piloti-type buildings were not reflected in the fragility function because it was developed before the Pohang earthquake. In order to develop an improved one for piloti-type buildings, several types of core were selected, damage state threshold was determined based on the capacity of structural members, and three-dimensional analyses were utilized. As a result, seismic fragility functions based on spectral acceleration were developed for various core locations and different shear strengths of the column stirrup. The fragility of piloti-type buildings significantly varied according to core location, an additional single wall, and whether the contribution of column stirrup was included or not. To estimate fragility more reasonably, it is necessary to prepare the parameters to reflect actual state well.

한자의 구조에 있어서 形聲은 形符와 聲符로 이루어지는 복합적이면서도 다층적인 구조이다. 하나의 글자에 발음과 의미를 동시에 나타내고 있기 때문이다. 그렇기에 이 형성의 기원에 대해 의문을 품고 고찰하는 것은 의미가 있다. 추측건대 한자는 象形이 가장 먼저 발생하고 그 이후에 이 상형을 바탕으로 하여 나머지 한자를 만드 는 방법으로 발전하였을 것이다. 이 관점으로부터 形聲의 기원에 대해 논의가 시작 되었을 것이기에, 이 논문은 특히 唐蘭의 合文說과 聲化象意字說에 대해 그 타당함 과 그렇지 못함에 대해 논술하고자 한다. 결과적으로 許愼의 六書에 대한 이해를 높 일 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The Ministry of the Interior and Safety in Korea developed seismic fragility function for various building types in 2009. Damage states for most building types were determined by structural analyses of sample models and foreign references because actual cases damaged by earthquakes rarely exist in Korea. Low-rise, piloti-type buildings showed severe damage by brittle failure in columns due to insufficient stirrup details in the 2017 Pohang earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to improve damage state criteria for piloti-type buildings by consulting actual outcomes from the earthquake. An analytical approach was conducted by developing analysis models of sample buildings reflecting insufficient stirrup details of columns to accomplish the purpose. The result showed that current spectral displacements of damage states for piloti-type buildings might be too large to estimate actual fragility. When the brittle behavior observed in the earthquake is reflected in the analysis model, one-fourth through one-sixth of current spectral displacements of damage states may be appropriate for existing low-rise, piloti-type buildings.

Most commercial buildings among existing RC buildings in Korea have a multi-story wall-frame structure where RC shear wall is commonly used as its core at stairways or elevators. The members of the existing middle and low-rise wall-frame buildings are likely arranged in ordinary details considering building occupancy, and the importance and difficulty of member design. This is because there are few limitations, considerations, and financial burdens on the code for designing members with ordinary details. Compared with the intermediate or unique details, the ductility and overstrength are insufficient. Furthermore, the behavior of the member can be shear-dominated. Since shear failure in vertical members can cause a collapse of the entire structure, nonlinear characteristics such as shear strength and stiffness deterioration should be adequately reflected in the analysis model. With this background, an 8-story RC wall-frame building was designed as a building frame system with ordinary shear walls, and the effect of reflecting the shear failure mode of columns and walls on the collapse mechanism was investigated. As a result, the shear failure mode effect on the collapse mechanism was evident in walls, not columns. Consequently, it is recommended that the shear behavior characteristics of walls are explicitly considered in the analysis of wall-frame buildings with ordinary details.

The methodology classifying structural types of concrete buildings in the existing seismic fragility functions is too simple to estimate the fragility of existing residential buildings and neighborhood living facilities, especially those below five stories. Their structural types are dependent on information contained in the building register such as main use, total floor area, story, permission date, and first story floor area of the individual building. All of this information is not considered for classifying types in the existing functions; therefore, the goal of this study was to suggest a methodology that classifies structural types of concrete buildings by utilizing such information. The results of this study showed that the suggested methodology can classify structural types better than the existing methodology. Nevertheless, there is still a need to simplify the methodology because fragility estimation demands quickness rather than accuracy.