The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between regional financial development and corporate investment efficiency as well as the relationship between firm-level characteristics and corporate investment efficiency. Using a large sample of A-listed companies in China from CSMAR database between 2003 and 2016, this paper explores corporate investment efficiency and its influencing factors in emerging market on the basis of heterogeneous stochastic frontier model. The results show that: (1) the average investment efficiency of Chinese listed companies is 74.5%, and the investment efficiency of large enterprises, state-owned enterprises and enterprises with relatively high financial development level is significantly higher; (2) compared with average corporate investment efficiency in the year 2003, the investment efficiency of different types of enterprises in 2016 is significantly higher, and the gap is gradually widening; (3) enterprise heterogeneity namely firm size, nature of property right, and institutional environment reflected by the level of regional financial development indirectly affects corporate investment efficiency by influencing the financing constraints and uncertainty. The findings suggest that to improve corporate investment efficiency in emerging market, financial market should be accelerated, regional balance should be restored and the differences among regions, industries and differences between public and private sectors should be eliminated.

Contemporary systems for in vitro culture of ovarian follicles do not recapitulate the mechanical heterogeneity in mammalian ovary. Here we report microfluidic generation of biomimetic ovarian microtissue for miniaturized three-dimensional (3D) culture of early secondary preantral follicles by using alginate (harder) and collagen (softer) to fabricate the ovarian cortical and medullary tissues, respectively. This biomimetic configuration greatly facilitates follicle development to antral stage. Moreover, it enables in vitro ovulation of cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) from the antral follicles in the absence of luteinizing hormone (LH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) that are well accepted to be responsible for ovulation in contemporary literature. These data reveal the crucial role of mechanical heterogeneity in the mammalian ovary in regulating follicle development and ovulation. The biomimetic ovarian microtissue and the microfluidic technology developed in this study are valuable for improving in vitro culture of follicles to preserve fertility and for understanding the mechanism of follicle development and ovulation to facilitate the search of cures to infertility due to ovarian disorders.

본 논문은 멀티플레이어 VR 게임에 나타난 플레이어 참여방식의 비균질성에 주목하여, 그 함의를 규명하는 데에 목적을 둔다. 비균질성이란 멀티플레이어에게 몰입형 VR과 비몰입형 VR을 혼재하여 제공하는 방식을 지칭하는 개념이다. 최근 HMD와 같은 몰입형 VR 장치의 상 용화에 따라, <더 플레이룸 VR>처럼 비균질 멀티플레이 방식을 채택한 게임이 점차 대두되기 시작했다. 이에 따라, 본고는 비균질 멀티플레이에 맞춰 수정 및 개선한 MDA 프레임워크를 통 해 <더 플레이룸 VR>을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 비균질 멀티플레이는 인터페이스에서의 분리에 서 그치지 않고, 플레이 양상과 경험 자체까지 상이하게 만듦을 확인할 수 있었다.

CMA banding patterns of chromosomes of eleven Jeju citrus landraces were characterized and compared by means of sequential staining using fluorochromes of chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The somatic metaphase chromosomes examined in this study were all diploids (2n = 18). Chromosomes were classified into five types based on the number and distribution of CMA positive bands; A: two telomeric and one proximal bands, B: one telomeric and one proximal bands, C: two telomeric bands, D: one telomeric band, E: no band. Four to five types of chromosomes and unique chromosome compositions were observed from each accession. The CMA banding patterns of Jeju citrus landraces were 1A+1B+1C+9D+6E in jinkyul, 1A+1B+1C+8D+7E in cheongkyul, 1B+1C+10D+6E in hongkyul, 2A+1B+3C+6D+6E in sadoogam, 1A+2B+1C+8D+6E in dangyooza, 1A+1B+3C+7D+6E in dong-geongkyul, 2B+2C+7D+7E in pyunkyul, 2A+2B+2C+6D+6E in gamza, 1A+2B+1C+7D+7E in byungkyul, 1A+1B+1C+9D+6E in jigak, 1A+1C+10D+6E in binkyul. Type D and E chromosomes were predominant in all Jeju citrus landraces. The chromosome composition with an even number distribution in gamza was observed, hence it could be recognized as a non-hybrid species. The results indicated all Jeju citrus landraces except gamza seemed to be hybrids, but might be diverged from species originated or cultivated in Jeju, Korea and other countries.

Recent genomic evidences from unfractionated embryonic stem cell (ESC) cultures have demonstrated high levels of concomitant activating (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone methylations, termed “bivalent marks”, at lineage specific gene loci, demonstrating that all cells residing within the cultures are developmentally equipotent. However, this dogma has been challenged, indicating that ESC cultures are heterogeneous, with individual cells displaying dynamic metastability and failed to make a connection with the variations between cell lines, a broad spectrum of differentiation, continuous phenotypic oscillation, and the expression of lineage specific genes in undifferentiated state. Recently, functional in vitro assays via fractionation of ESC cultures based on comparable expression of some phenotypes (c‐KIT, A2B5, SSEA3, Nanog, Rex‐1, IGFR1, and Stella) revealed a plastic gradient of clonogenicity and lineage specification within ESC cultures reflected by the presence of bivalent marks, which are resolved down to activating “monovalent marks”. More interestingly, dynamic heterogeneity represents a conserved feature on both mouse ESCs and human ESCs as being essentially required for self‐renewal and, more importantly, differentiation. However, it is the most substantive obstacle to control and specify ESCs into desirable cell types. Mostly, differentiation from ESCs has been evaluated by measuring the responses of whole EB populations under the specific inducible conditions, making it difficult to identify, which cell populations are dominantly contributing to differentiated progeny from ESCs. Therefore, further identification of novel transcriptional and phenotypic markers may allow for the isolation and enrichment of more promising target cells for stem cell‐based clinical therapy.

본 연구에서는 배수경로 이질성에 의한 격자 기반 지형학적 순간단위도 이론으로 부터 Nash 모형 매개변수를 최초로 동정하였다. 동정된 매개변수는 지표면 유동 및 지형학적 분산을 고려하며, 지리정보체계에 의해 유역의 지형인자들을 손쉽게 추출함으로써 모형의 정확성 및 효용성을 높였다는 점에 의미를 둘 수 있다. 모형의 검증을 위해 동정된 매개변수에 의해 계산된 결과를 실제 관측치와 비교하였다. 계산유출수문곡선과 관측수문곡선의 비교 결과 비교적 잘 일치하는

본 연구에서는 지리정보체계(GIS)의 격자 기반 GIUH 모형을 이용하여 배수경로의 이질성에 따른 지표면 유동과 하천망 유동의 상대적 기여도를 정량적으로 평가하였다. 대상유역은 국제수문개발계획(IHP)의 평창강, 보청천 및 위천 유역의 17개 소유역을 선정하였다. 각 대상유역에 대해 지표면과 하천의 배수경로길이에 대한 평균과 분산을 추정-분석하였다. 또한 관측 수문사상과 결합하여 GIUH 모형의 동적매개변수인 특성 유속을 지표면과 하천에 대해 산정하였다