The nutritional quality of host plant is critically important for insect herbivores to maximize their fitness, but it is relatively unexplored whether the ingestion of a specific host plant will have the same effects on insects under different thermal conditions. We have used a multi-factorial experimental design to investigate how the nutritional quality of host plant and temperature interact to affect life-history traits in a generalist caterpillar Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) feeding on five different host plants. Caterpillars raised on Platanus occidentalis, Sophora japonica and Prunus x yedoensis exhibited substantially higher survival, faster growth and heavier mass at pupation than those on Cornus kousa and Betula platyphylla. Caterpillars developed more quickly and attained a smaller final body mass at higher temperatures, but the way that these traits responded to temperature differed by host plant. Caterpillars on P.occidentalis displayed a monotonic decrease in development time with increasing temperature, but the development time of those on P. x yedoensis declined with temperature in a biphasic manner. Furthermore, the rate at which pupal mass increased with decreasing temperature was much greater for caterpillars on P.occidentalis than those on P. x yedoensis.

As quality becomes a primary leading factor of organizational success, various management strategies have been In-troduced to Improve quality competitiveness Quality competitiveness, however, is difficult to measure and numerous organ-izations are struggl

Purpose This research primarily assesses – interactive quality in the service encounters of Ethiopian Telecom from the customer and contact personnel perspectives. Research design, data, and methodology – After reviewing the literature on service encounters and interactive quality, two separate questionnaires and structured personal interviews were conducted to collect the opinions of 400 customers and 100 employees of Ethiopian Telecom. The researchers used convenience sampling; the responses, measured on a five-point Likert-type scale, were analyzed through chi-square tests conducted on SPSS 17.0. Results – Regarding the outcome expected by customers, encounter effectiveness is very low. Regarding accessibility and materiality, the corporation’s personnel are freely accessible, relatively well-dressed, and have access to sophisticated office equipment and physical facilities. Finally, with regard to agent satisfaction, the telecom’s contact employees are shown to gain little professional satisfaction from service encounters. Conclusion – The study clearly presents the areas in which interactive quality strongly affects both telecom customers and employees; this will help the corporation take corrective action. This is of utmost contemporary importance for both practitioners and researchers.

Randomized field experiments were conducted to study the interactive effect of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) on seed, oil and protein yield of two cultivars of groundnut Arachis hypogea: cv Amber (V1) : cv Kaushal, (V2) . Two dosage levels of sulphur (0~;and~;20kg~;ha-1 ) and two dosage levels of N (23.5~;and~;43.5kg~;ha-1 ) in various combinations were tested as micronutrient treatments, T1,~;T2,~;and~;T3 . Results indicated significant enhancement of the yield components namely seed and oil yield as well as seed protein. Maximum response was observed with treatment T3 (having 20kg S and 43.5kg N ha-1) . Increase in seed and oil yields of 90% and 103% in V1 , and 79 and 90% in V2 , respectively were recorded as compared to the control treatment T1 (having 0kg S and 23.5kg N ha-1 ). Effect of S and N interaction was observed on protein, N and S content in seeds. The results obtained by these experiments clearly suggest that judicious balanced application of N and S could improve the yield.