Asian economic potential draws world attention. Recently, China challenges the US’s economic and political dominance which prompted the US-China trade war. Afghanistan and other Arab nations struggled for decades amid an informal US colony after Saddam Hossain’s fall. After the US troops left Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban took over it. Afghanistan’s trade and military advantage make it vital as middle east geopolitics alter. This has been noticed by China. China-Afghanistan military cooperation improves trade. All in Eurasia is seeing China penetrate global value networks and the Belt and Road supply chains. The 21st century’s Silk Road connects Eastern Afghanistan’s Wakhan Corridor. China-Afghanistan cooperation along the Wakhan Corridor is the key to the success of the Silk Road initiative. China-Afghanistan wants to use the corridor more, which has been a commerce and military battleground. The essay discusses China- Afghanistan strategic relations along the Wakhan Corridor from a legal and strategic perspective.

The increase in space activity has contributed to a convergence of cybersecurity and outer space at a critical moment in the digital era requiring a thorough examination of the threats to space-based assets and the protective measures required. As satellites and space technology become integral to global operations, their сyber security is parаmount given their vulnerability to cyber espionage, interference and attacks. This paer highlights the significance of technological advancements and their dual role in improving space systems while also introducing new vulnerabilities. It explores varied national cybersecurity practices focusing on space stakeholders such as the US, the EU, China, Russia and UAE, revealing the global strategies employed against cyber threats. Moreover, the importance of laws and regulations such as the Outer Space Treaty in countering cyber attacks and emphasising the need for agile legal frameworks to address cybersecurity challenges in outer space is also examined. Moreover, the paper addresses complex issues of cybersecurity in outer space, particularly innоvation, collaboration and legal reforms.

Regional economic integration organizations (REIOs) can ratify climate change agreements as mixed agreements, including the Paris Agreement, with their member states. A question may arise on what responsibilities can REIOs have under the Paris Agreement in relation to the member states. Analyzing the draft articles on the responsibility of international organizations reveals that REIO can have derived (indirect) responsibility for non-fulfilling the obligations by member states due to the normative control resulting from the adoption of binding resolutions. Also, under Article 4.18 of the Paris Agreement, REIO will be jointly responsible for non-realization of the goals communicated in the NDCs together with non-compliant member. This will make the non-compliant states responsible externally to the third parties and to REIO internally in achieving the goals of NDC and will encourage the compliant member states to participate in realizing the collective goal of REIO because of influence of not realizing the collective goal.

The emergence of the construction and operation of a small satellite constellation in Low Earth orbit (LEO) to beam high-speed Internet to all parts of the world is a relatively new development in the use of outer space. States, international intergovernmental organizations, and private companies plan to deploy small satellites into Earth’s orbit because this effort is inexpensive and expandable, especially in the area of commercial activities. This movement will provide an essential tool to achieve sustainable development goals, especially for developing countries. However, it could also bring legal challenges because there is now a lack of binding regulations regarding the increasing risks of orbital collision, the proliferation of space debris, the satellite network service, and the rational, efficient, and economical use of a radio frequency allocation and the harmful interference caused by small satellite constellations in LEO. These issues could have an impact on the long-term sustainability of space activities.

情報通信技術의 발전은 우리들에게 많은 변화를 가져다 준다. 그 경제적인 측면만 보더라도, 새로운 기술은 기존시장의 경쟁구도를 바꾸어 놓거나 전혀 새로운 시장을 열어주기도 한다. 한편으로, 이와 같은 기술의 발전과 시장의 변화 내지 새로운 시장의 등장은 다양한 紛爭을 수반하기도 하고, 다른 한편으로 새로운 시장에서의 합리적이고 공정한 경쟁의 規範(norm) 내지 새로운 商道德(commercial morality)을 형성해가거나 요구하게 된다. 특히, 정보통신산업의 규제완화와 더불어 공정하고 자유로운 경쟁의 중요성이 커지게 되었다. 인터넷기술의 급속한 발전으로 인해서 전혀 새로운 시장이 형성되지만, 바람직하다고 판단된 行爲規範(norm)이나 商道德이 형성되지 아니한 경우에는 어떻게 분쟁을 예방하고 무엇을 기준으로 분쟁을 해결할 것인가? 이것이 이 논문의 출발점이고 주된 검토대상이 된다. 이 논문은 우선 現行法 가운데 公正競爭防止法, 獨占規制法, 民法등에서 不公正競爭行爲가 어떻게 취급되고 있고 그에 대한 救濟手段(remedies)은 무엇이 있는지 법규정의 解釋論과 判例를 중심으로 살펴본다. 인터넷 등의 정보통신기술의 발전에 따라서 새로이 등장하는 분쟁을 해결하는데 현행법이 만족스러운 해결을 해주지 못하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 특히 기술의 발전에 따라서 형성된 새로운 시장에서의 일정한 유형의 행위가 違法한 것인지 여부에 대해서 현행법이 전혀 아무런 기준도 제시해주지 못하거나 또는 위법하다고 판단되는 경우에도 적절하고 만족스러운 구제수단을 제공해주지 못하는 한계가 있다. 우리나라의 경제규모와 산업구조도 선진화되어서 이제는 소위‘시장의 보이지 않는 손’의 힘을 신뢰하고 중시해야 할 필요가 있다. 따라서, 독점규제법과 부정경쟁방지법은 인터넷시대에 시장의 보이지 않는 손이 효율적으로 작동할 수 있도록 改正될 필요가 있다. 뿐만아니라 인터넷시대에 참여하는 기업들이 어떠한 行爲規範을 따라야 하는지에 대해서도 필요하다면 일정한 기준을 법률로 정할 필요가 있는데, 특히 인터넷住所窓을 둘러싼 분쟁의 현황을 총체적으로 검토해서 산업전체의 이익과 消費者厚生(consumer welfare)을 극대화할 수 있는 行爲規範과 標準을 􃧉法化할 필요가 있다.