본고는 현대 중국어의 생성 및 도출 과정에서 실현되는 언어 단위를 구분 짓고 체 계화하여 그 언어 표현 및 운용의 정체성을 구명하였다. 언어는 인간 뇌리의 우주 세계를 말소리라는 형식을 빌려 근사(近似)하게 표현하여 소통하는 정보 처리 기제 이다. 그 과정은 내용과 형식의 층차별 연계를 통하여 구조와 역할의 병행 처리 방 식으로 실현된다. 즉, 은현적(covert) 내부 구조 체계와 외현적(overt) 실제 조작 모 듈(Module)로 구분되어 운용된다. 이를 현대 중국어로 연결하여 살펴보면 다음과 같 다. 첫째, 내용과 형식에 따른 언어 단위의 층차별 연계 관계는 의미자질-음운자질, 의미소-형태소, 개념-어휘, 구성-어절(단어, 구, 절), 판단-문장, 추리-단락 등으로 연결된다. 둘째, 구조와 역할의 관계로 본다면 구조소와 역할체로 나눌 수 있다. 구조 소로는 음운자질, 형태소, 단어, 구, 절과 그것이 갖는 속성인 명사성, 동사성, 형용사 성, 부사성 등이 있으며, 역할체로는 어절(語節)과 그것이 갖는 역할인 성분이 있다. 셋째, 형식과 구조의 측면에서는 음운자질이, 내용과 역할의 측면에서는 어절(語節) 이 현대 중국어를 생성 및 도출하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 수행하고 있다고 할 수 있 다.

동사성 어소와 명사성 어소로 구성된 복합동사(Noun Incorporation, 다음은 NI 합성어로 표 시) 언어 유형학 연구에서 많은 주목을 받았는데, 그 중 가장 큰 영향을 미친 것은 Mithun (1984)이 문법 담화 기능에 따라 제안한 NI 복합어의 네 가지 유형이었다. 중국어의 NI복합어는 매우 풍부하다. 본고는 선인들의 연구를 바탕으로 이런 단어를 유형학의 틀에 포함시켰다. 그 성분 관계, 결합가 변화, 기타 성분과의 대응 등 특징을 고찰함으로써 중국어의 NI복합어는 Mithun이 제기한 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ류 기능을 가진다는 것을 발견했다. 또한 본고는 역사적인 측면에서 NI복합어의 다른 유형 특징, 예를 들어 진화 경로, 내포 등급, 통합 정도 등을 검증했다. 중국어에 서 NI복합어의 역사적 변화는 보편적인 규칙에 부합되지만 통합 정도에서 비교적 느슨하다는 것을 발견했다. 이것은 주로 중국어에서 NI복합어가 구사 구조와 문법 구조를 겸하고 있기 때문 이다.

Southwestern Mandarin distributes in 9 provinces, including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Shanxi, and Jiangxi. With a population of about 270 million. It is the most widely distributed and populated dialect among Mandarin dialects. The pronunciations are surprisingly consistent (Entering tone of the ancient pronunciation of characters is now read Yangping). The research of dialect researchers mainly focused on phonetics and paid more less attention to grammar. Southwestern Mandarin is the same situation. This paper takes the “Description of Basic Texts of Southwestern Mandarin Chinese” published by the Tokyo Institute of Foreign Languages, Asian and African Languages and Cultures in 1986 as the basic data, also refers to the language data of the BCC corpus, and the suffixes in Southwestern Mandarin “men” and pays attention of comparison of the suffix “Me” in Mandarin Chinese. This paper first indicates the hypothesis that “men” is not only the variant of the diacritical character of “Me” it also has a special meaning in grammar. Secondly analyzes and demonstrates the hypothesis through the “Description of Basic Patterns of Southwestern Mandarin Chinese” and the BCC corpus.

The conversation analysis approach of using audio and video recordings of naturally occurring conversation contrasts with other methods of collecting data in the social and cognitive sciences. This paper intends to describe the ways in which conversation analysts collect their data suitable for analysis, including the steps involved in preparing to record, the recording of naturally occurring social interaction, and also the processing of recordings after they have been made. Before actually making the recordings, researchers must first choose what type of conversation they will collect and what device to use. Researchers also need to obtain consent for recording from the participants in a conversation analytic study. While making the recordings, researchers must figure out many practical issues such as who, when, how, what, how much, and where to record. After recording, researchers need to store data in audio or video formats. Researchers also archive it, using codes for identification that facilitate later finding, quoting and retrieving of any file. This paper focuses on these choices as they are made before, during, and after recordings and places specific emphasis on the effects these choices have on the recordings. It also illuminates how these techniques are closely related to the methodological and theoretical assumptions of the conversation analysis approach.

Lee, Jee Won. 2017. “The Use and Discourse-Pragmatic Function of wo buzhidao in Naturally Occurring Mandarin Chinese Conversation”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 167~192. This study investigates several aspects of Chinese (wo) buzhidao using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including its distributional properties and discourse-pragmatic functions in conversational contexts. This study has found that (wo) buzhidao occurs in conversational environments other than in reply to information questions and carries more interactive and social implications than had been previously proposed by previous studies. First, (wo) buzhidao marks the speaker’s uncertainty and concerns about the truth of the proposition expressed. Second, (wo) buzhidao constructs the speaker’s neutral position by disattending opinions, assessments, or troubles. Third, (wo) buzhidao avoids an explicit disagreement. The use of (wo) buzhidao as a stance marker allows the speaker to convey his/her consideration for the hearer’s face, and it can help to achieve a range of interactional goals. Native speakers of Mandarin Chinese employ (wo) buzhidao in conjunction with other interactive strategies to organize their speech via their recipient enabling mutual intersubjectivity.

The content of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) The typical structure of nominal expressions in Mandarin Chinese is analyzed as [DP [NumP [ClP [NP ]]]]. (2) NP is a lexical category which describes the contents of entities or notions. (3) NumP is a functional category which denotes the number of entities described by a noun, and ClP, too, a functional category which makes nouns of Mandarin Chinese countable. (4) DP has the function of mediating between the description provided by NP and entities in the real world the description is applied to. It gives referential meanings such as “Definite”, “Indefinite”, and so on. (5) When D is lexically filled, DP has a definite referential meaning. A null determiner functions as an existential operator to produce an indefinite meaning. (6) A DP with a null determiner can appear only in the lexically governed position due to Empty Category Principle. (7) A sequence [Num+Cl+N] can be interpreted as having two structures, a DP with a null determiner and a NumP. (8) Bare nouns can be interpreted as “indefinite”, “definite”. An indefinite bare noun has the structure of [DP e [NP N ]] and a definite bare noun, [DP Ni [NP ti ]]. (9) In general, pronouns and proper nouns always carry a definite referential meaning and so can appear in D. (10) The pronouns and the proper nouns appearing in N do not denote a specific entity. Their meanings are similar to common nouns which denote types or kinds of entities. (11) NP"s can not be used as an argument but as a predicate.