이 논문은 프로파간다의 목적으로 사용되는 문화예술에 관한 연구로 독일 나치즘에 활 용된 바그너 음악을 중심으로 고찰하였다. 2차대전 전범국인 독일 나치는 자신들의 정책과 우월함을 과시하고 정당화하기 위해 전체주의 확립에 대표적으로 바그너의 음악을 활용하 였다. 그 예로 바그너의 음악들은 나치의 공식적인 국가행사나 정치쇼에 사용되었으며 게 르만 민족과 자신들의 우월성을 과시하기 위하여 바이로이트 축제를 통해 바그너의 극음악 들을 효과적으로 사용하였다. 이번 연구를 통하여 이익집단이 프로파간다의 목적으로 쓰이 는 모습을 통해 예술의 이용이 사회에 미치는 영향을 바라보았다. 전근대 대한민국에서 프 로파간다의 목적으로 예술가의 의도로 또는 의도와 상관없이 쓰이는 모습을 통해, 순수예 술의 목적성을 고찰하여 일반 시민이 경계해야 하는 예술의 모습을 살펴봐야 할 것이다. 이를 통해 문화예술이 이익집단 등 오류집단의 오용으로 인해 문화의 다양성이 파괴되고 획일화되는 위험성을 직시하고 차단 할수 있을 것이다. 이는 다양한 문화가 공존하는 지속 가능한 건강한 사회로 나아가기 위한 문화예술의 긍정적인 모습을 바라볼 수 있게 할 것이 다

본고는 근세로 이행하는 시기의 이탈리아에서 제작되었던 예술작품들이 단순히 예술적 의도로만 제작되지 않았음을 밝힌다. 15세기 후반 무렵, 피렌체의 예술이 볼로냐로 퍼져나가 어떻게 반 응하였는지를 살피고, 볼로냐를 통치한 조반니 벤티볼리오 2세가 주도한 도시 프로젝트를 통해 그 가 활용했던 황제의 이미지가 공공장소에서 주는 효과, 그리고 사적인 공간인 개인 예배당에서 그의 교양이 예술 속에서 어떠한 정치적 메시지를 던지는 지를 분석한다. 정치사상가로서의 단테의 『제정론』에 근거해 조반니 2세가 추구하려 했던 정치적 이상향을 밝히고 나아가 군주로서의 조반 니 2세의 풍부한 이미지 창출 능력을 재평가하여 북부 이탈리아의 르네상스 예술에 대한 관심을 불러일으키는데 그 의의를 둔다.

The Bauhaus educational method gave the strong influences on Modern Japanese art and design education. In the 1920s and 1930s, Japan allied with Germany and Italy politically and tried to receive German system to be modernized. The reception of the Bauhaus and Moholy-Nagy's photographic theory was one of those activities at that time. Japanese intellectual class went to the Bauhaus and studied there; Ishimoto Kikuchi, Nakata Sadanosuke, Mijutani Takehiko, Yamawaki Iwao and Yamawaki Michiko(Yamawaki Iwao's wife). Especially, Yamawaki Iwao studied about the architecture at the Bauhaus, but his interest moved toward the photography and the photomontage based on Moholy-Nagy's theory. He studied at the photography workshop of the Bauhaus presented by Peterhans irregularly. Even though Yamawaki Iwao was an architect, he wanted to be admitted as an expert for the photomontage that he particularly studied at the Bauahus as a Bauhaus member. He had presented many articles about the photomontage at the photography magazines in Japan in order to introduce it to Japan since he returned in 1933. Thus, Yamawaki Iwao is the important person when we look back the Modern Japanese design and art history. In Japan, the art and design systems are managed by the Bauhaus educational system until now, and it has become a kind of cultural legacy in Modern Japan; The university of Tama and The university of Tsukuba are the representative educational systems which are based on the Bauhaus legacy. However, Yamawaki Iwao had been concealed as a photographer in Japanese design and photography history until the retrospective discuss named by ‘Bauhaus syashin(Bauhaus Photographies)’ at the photography magazine, Deja-vu in 1995 and the retrospective exhibition titled as ‘Bauhaus syashin(bauahustofografie)’ in 1997. This study rethinks of Yamawaki Iwao's historical position while looking at the term as ‘Bauhaus Syashin(Bauhaus Photographies)’ used in Japan. It is very important to bear in mind Moholy-Nagy's wide variety of approaches to photography at the Bauhaus, but it is impossible to name it ‘Bauhaus style’. ‘Bauhaus style’ is the international style in architecture, but that was never a Bauhaus style in photography. Eugene J. Prakapas indicated that the vague term of ‘Bauhaus Photographies’ in his article in 1985 as well. This study considers the historical background for the mistake of the term of ‘Bauhaus Syashin(Bauhaus Photographies)’ in Modern Japanese history, while looking at Yamawaki Iwao's photomontage faintly entering on the historical stage again to discuss the reception of the photomontage from him. In particular, Some of Yamawaki Iwao's photomontage presented as the wall photography in Japan during the Second World War, that was related to the propaganda of Japanese government. It had not been known well in the modern Japanese art and design history because it was related to a declaration of the Second World War by Japan. However, the historical position of his photomontage is very important for Japanese history when we rethink of the reception of the Bauhaus and Moholy-Nagys' photographic theory to build up the Japanese modern history. In the result, this study wants to discuss that the mistake of the term of ‘Bauhaus syashin(Bauhaus Photographies)’ in Japan is related to the interpretation for the the historical position for Yamawaki Iwao's photomontage in the reception of Bauhaus and Moholy-Nagy's photography in Japan.

The propaganda paintings in oil colors or in forms of posters made from 1949 to1966 have gone through some changes experiencing the influence of the Soviet Union Artand discussion of nationalization, while putting political messages of the time in the pictureplanes. The propaganda paintings which have been through this process became aneffective means of encouraging the illiterate people in political ideologies, production, andlearning. Alike other propaganda paintings in different mediums, the ones which werepainted in oil colors and in the form of posters have been produced fundamentally basedon Mao Zedong’s intensification of the literary art on the talks on literature at Yenan. Yet,the oil paintings and posters were greatly influenced by the socialist realism andpropaganda paintings of the Soviet Union, compared to other propaganda paintings indifferent mediums. Accordingly, they were preponderantly dealt in the discussions ofnationalization of the late‘50s. To devide in periods, the establishment of People’s Republic of China in 1949 as adiverging point, the propaganda paintings made before and after 1949 have differences insubject matters and styles. In the former period, propaganda paintings focused on thepolitical lines of the Communists and enlightenment of the people, but in the latter period,the period of Cultural Revolution, the most important theme was worshiping Mao Zedong.This was caused by reflection of the social atmosphere, and it is shown that thepropaganda painters had reacted sensitively to the alteration of politics and the society. Onthe side of formalities, the oil paintings and posters made before the Cultural Revolutionwere under a state of unfolding several discussions including nationalization whileaccepting the Soviet Union styles and contents, and the paintings made afterwards showmore of unique characteristics of China. In 1956, the discussion about nationalization which had effected the whole world ofart, had strongly influenced the propaganda paintings in oil colors more than anything.There were two major changes in the process of making propaganda paintings in oilcolors. One was to portray lives of the Chinese people truthfully, and the other was toabsorb the Chinese traditional styles of expression. After this period, the oil painters usually kept these rules in creating their works, and as a result, the subject matters, characters, andbackgrounds have been greatly Sinicized. For techniques came the flat colored surface ofthe new year prints and the traditional Chinese technique of outlining were used forexpressing human figures. While the propaganda paintings in oil colors achieved high quality and depth, theposters had a very direct representation of subject matters and the techniques wereunskilled compared to the oil paintings. However, after the establishment of People’sRepublic of China, the posters were used more than any other mediums for propagation ofnational policy and participation of the political movements, because it was highly effectivein delivering the policies and political lines clearly to the Chinese people who were mostlyilliterate. The poster painters borrowed techniques and styles from the Soviet Unionthrough books and exhibitions on Soviet Union posters, and this relation of influencesconstantly appears in the posters made at the time. In this way, like the oil paintings, theposters which have been made with a direct influence of the Soviet Union had developeda new, sinicised process during the course of nationalization. The propaganda paintings in oil colors or in forms of posters, which had undergonethe discussion of nationalization, had put roots deep down in the lives of the Chinesepeople, and this had become another foundation for the amplification of influences ofpolitical propaganda paintings in the following period of Cultural Revolution.

The purpose of this study is to illuminate the veracity of deployment of the North Korean psychological warfare unit to the Vietnam War and its activities. With the South Korean troops as its target, North Korea deployed over a hundred psychological warfare troops every year, beginning with the first unit of four dispatched in June of 1966. The North Korean psychological warfare unit produced and distributed propaganda leaflets and materials; taught the Vietcong the Korean language and means to abduct South Korean troops; operated Korean-language broadcasts; and conducted data investigation and radio monitoring. The most noteworthy of said activities was the distribution of propaganda bills. An analysis of fifty-eight propaganda bills collected at the time demonstrates forms as diverse as writing, photographs, drawings, and a combination of writing and photographs (or at times writing and drawings). The contents involved propaganda regarding the characteristics of the war, instigation of anti-American and anti-government struggles, stimulation of nostalgia and decline of morale, and inducement of defection to North Korea. The illumination of North Korean participation in the Vietnam War is a crucial facet of better understanding the significance of the Vietnam War in contemporary Korean history as well as the security conditions of the Korean peninsula in the 1960s and the 1970s. Essential will be ongoing research on the North Korean involvement in the Vietnam War, a subject that has remained relegated to the sidelines thus far.