PURPOSES : This study aimed to improve the effect of increasing the number of urban railway users when public transportation accessibility is improved by using village buses. METHODS : Using the case of Daejeon City, this study utilized the greenhouse gas reduction benefit among the benefits of the investment evaluation guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport to demonstrate the effect of introducing village buses, a flexible means of transportation, to transportation-disadvantaged areas and improving accessibility, thereby inducing a change to urban railways. and were quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS : The number of users expected to switch to urban rail was 9,964 in 2020 and 9,220 in 2025. Thus, the greenhouse gas reduction effect is predicted to decrease annually by 34,554 t (2020) and 31,973 t (2025). CONCLUSIONS : Among the demand management techniques, reducing the use rate of passenger cars is one of the most important. For this policy, it is most effective to provide an alternative means of transportation.

경제성장에도 불구하고 사회구성원들의 삶의 질 향상에 대한 의문이 제기되어 왔는데, 특히 빈민의 경우에는 더욱 그러하다. 이러한 빈곤에 대한 사회적 책임을 이행하기 위한 공공부조는 국민의 최저생활을 보호 하기 위한 최후의 사회안전망이다. 본 연구에서는 공공부조법상 절차적 권리, 그 중에서도 특히 사회복지 급여쟁송권에 대한 내용을 파악하기 위해 국민기초생활보장법, 의료급여 법, 긴급복지지원법, 장애인연금법, 기초연금법 등의 심사단계 및 기관, 신청기간 및 신청방법, 결정기간 등을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 현행 공공부 조 권리구제는 형식적 요건은 일정부분 갖추었다고 할지라도 그 실효성 을 담보할 수 있는 내용적 측면의 보강과 개선이 시급한 것으로 판단된 다. 따라서 사회복지급여쟁송권의 실효성 확보를 통해 사회복지급여쟁송 권 자체가 사회적으로 배제되지 않도록 해야 할 것이다.

Compared with the research on consumer engagement in brand community, the research on consumer engagement in brand public has been relatively less. This research aimed at exploring how brand public characteristics such as information variety, various communications and no limitation in expressing self affect the brand public engagement. 274 questionnaires answered by Chinese consumers are used to conduct analysis. Principal component analysis is used to test the reliability and validity of each construct, and structural equation model is used to test hypotheses. The study finds the positive effects of information variety on information benefits, those of various communications on social benefits, and also positive roles of no limitation in expressing self to brand-related self-expression motivation. And each of the information benefits, social benefits and brand-related self-expression motivation is proved to positively affect brand public engagement. The study implies that marketers should give attention to characteristics of brand public, and provide the ways by which members of brand public engage the brand. Additionally, marketers should pay more attention to both direct and indirect engagement activities of consumers toward brand public in social media to better understand their target consumers.

The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the environmental and social cultural public benefits but a food supply, 2) to revalue the importance of rural and rural living, This study was carried out through review of literature, a delphi technique, a case study. It was mainly used the delphi technique by expert group. Major findings were as follows ; 1. The public benefits in rural were classified into three categories:(1) social culture (2) natural environment (3) economic & etc. 2. To evaluate the values for public benefits, questionaries were developed by expert group, and the total number of items were 30. 3. There were picked out 12 items on social culture, 10 items on natural environment, and 8 items on economic & etc of public benefits in rural. 4. In the public benefits, a food supply was highest in total 30 items, and water resources contain, emotional-psychological rest, place of environment education, beautiful view, etc were followed in order.