The US NRC developed a program called NRCDose3 to evaluates the environmental impact of radiation around nuclear facilities. The NRCDose3 code is a software suite that integrates the functionality of three individual LADTAP II, GASPAR II, and XOQDOQ Fortran codes that were developed by the NRC in the 1980’s and have been in use by the nuclear industry and the NRC staff for assessments of liquid effluent and gaseous effluent, and meteorological transport and dispersion, respectively. Through the integrated program, it is possible to conduct safety assessment and environmental impact assessment from liquid and gaseous effluent when operating permits are granted. In addition to a more user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) for inputting data, significant changes have been made to the data management and operation to support expanded capabilities. The basic calculation methods of the LADTAP II, GASPAR II, and XOQDOQ have not been changed with this update to the NRCDose3 code. Several features have been added. The previous program used only ICRP-2 dose conversion factor, but the new program can additionally use dose conversion factor of ICRP-30 and ICRP-72. In the previous program, 4 age groups (infant, child, teen, and adult) were evaluated during dose evaluation, but when ICRP-72 was selected, 6 age groups (infant, 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, 15-year, and adult) could be evaluated. In addition, when selecting ICRP-72, many user-modifiable parameters such as food intake and exposure time were added. It will be referred to E-DOSE60, a program currently under development.

K-DOSE60, a off-site dose calculation program currently used by khnp, is performing evaluation based on the gaseous effluent evaluation methodology of NRC Reg. Guide 1.109. In particular, H-3 and C-14, which are the major nuclides of gaseous effluent, are evaluated using a ratio activity model. Among them, H-3 is additionally evaluating the dose to OBT (Organically Bound Tritium) and HT as well as HTO (Triated water). However, NRC Reg. Guide 1.109 is a methodology developed in the 1970s, and verification was performed by applying the evaluation methodology of H-3 and C-13 presented by IAEA TRS-472 in 2010 to the current K-DOSE60. The IAEA TRS-472 methodology also includes OBT and HT for H-3. In order to apply the ratio radioactivity model presented in IAEA TRS-472, the absolute and relative humidity were calculated using the weather tower of the nuclear site and used for H-3 evaluation. For the dose evaluation of HT, the previously used Canada Chalk River Lab. (CNL) conversion factor was used. For atmospheric carbon concentration, the carbon concentration presented in IAEA TRS-472 was used, not the carbon concentration in the 1970s of NRC Reg. Guide 1.109. It was confirmed that the K-DOSE60, which applied the changed input data and methodology, was satisfied by performing comparative verification with the numerical calculation value.

In 2022 and 2023, the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), a regulatory body, revised the regulatory guidelines for off-site dose evaluation to residents, marine characteristics surveys around nuclear facilities, and environmental radiation surveys and evaluation around nuclear facilities. In addition, the NRC, a US regulatory body, has revised regulatory guide 1.21 (MEASURING, EVALUATING, AND REPORTING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IN LIQUID AND GASEOUS EFFLUENTS AND SOLID WASTE) to change environmental programs for nuclear facilities. The domestic regulatory guidelines were revised and added to reflect the experience of site dose evaluation for multiple units during the operation license review of nuclear facilities, the resident exposure dose age group was modified to conform to ICRP-72, and the environmental monitoring plan was clarified. In the case of the US, the recommended guidelines for updating the long-term average atmospheric diffusion factor and deposition factor, the clarification of the I-131 environmental monitoring guidelines for drinking water, and the clarification of the procedures described in the technical guidelines when changing environmental programs have been revised and added. Through such regulatory trend review, it is necessary to preemptively respond to changes in the regulatory environment in the future.

본 논문은 알브레히트 뒤러의 작품 제작 과정 및 결과물에 나타난 동물의 이미지를 통해 작가의 자연과 예술에 대한 사상의 단면을 살 펴보고자 한다. 뒤러가 남긴 수많은 작업들 –목판화, 동판화, 회화, 드 로잉 등 –에 나타나는 여러 가지 동물들은 작업의 시기와 종류에 따 라 다양한 역할을 보여준다. 작가의 변화하는 예술관을 나타내기도 하며 때로는 새로운 경험의 기록이 되기도 한다. 자연에 대한 철저한 관찰과 모사에서 출발하는 뒤러의 회화나 판화 는 그 제작 과정에서 수많은 드로잉을 남겼다. 특히 동물의 부분적 혹은 전체적인 모사는 단순한 스케치나 습작 이상의 의미를 지니며, 주로 기독교적, 신화적 주제를 담고 있는 뒤러의 판화와 회화 속에서 새로운 상징적 의미를 부여받는다. 이러한 동물의 이미지들은 작가의 상상력으로 재조합되거나 화면의 곳곳에 배치되어 작품의 의미를 더 욱 풍부하게 만든다. 한편, 특정 동물의 등장은 특히 관객을 향하는 시선 처리를 통해 화면 속의 내러티브와 관객을 연결하고 정서적 공 감을 유발하는 매개의 역할을 하기도 한다. 뒤러의 자연과 동물에 대한 접근 방식은 레오나르도 다빈치로 대표 되는 이탈리아 르네상스의 태도와는 차이점을 보인다. 이탈리아 르네 상스에 직간접적인 영향을 받았던 뒤러는 다빈치와 마찬가지로 자연 의 비례에 대해 천착하며 관찰에서 비롯된 상상력을 강조했지만, 그 의 자연에 대한 근본적인 관심사와 회화적 표현 방식은 달랐다. 다빈치가 동물들의 해부학적 구조, 움직임의 관찰을 통해 자연의 보이지 않는 원리와 패턴을 탐구하고자 했다면, 뒤러는 자연에 존재하는 개 체들의 표면적 특성의 이해와 세부적인 묘사에 주력했다. 뒤러의 “동물들 무리 속에 계신 동정녀(The Virgin among a Multitude of Animals)”와 “아담과 이브 (Adam and Eve),” 즉, 천상 과 인간의 타락을 각기 상징하는 두 작품 속에서 동물들을 통해 표현 된 자연에 대한 깊이 있는 관찰과 심볼리즘의 결합은 르네상스적 자 연주의와 고딕적 상상력을 조화시킨 뒤러 작품 세계의 핵심을 보여준 다고 할 수 있다.