It is well known fact that the filed asphalt mixture is aged in the truck while hauling and queuing for one to four hours before dumping to the hopper of the paver. This aging, which is called short-term aging (STA), affect the physical and mechanical properties of asphalt mixture. For example, the maximum theoretical density of mixture is changed before and after STA. Therefore, when the asphalt mixture specimen is prepared for testing various physical and mechanical properties in laboratory, the mixture should be STA conditioned by a most-likely STA condition of the field. This is the reason why the STA should be performed properly. This study initiated to investigate STA conditioning protocols, set forth many agencies in the world, and to suggest a proper STA protocol which simulates field HMA condition as most likely as possible. According to this study, it was suggested that the blended loose mix for one specimen poured in a canister should be kept in a drying oven (no forced draft) without cap at 163±2℃ and for 70±15 min for normal HMA mix. This protocol was suggested based on that the absolute viscosity level of the recovered binder after STA should be a similar level of the same binder after a standard RTFO run.
Recently, the Supreme Court suggested the standard of judgment of “child or juvenile pornography” where persons or representations that can be perceived as children or juveniles appear(2013Do4503). According to the standard, a depiction’s main content, appearances, states of physical development and identities of the characters, etc. must be considered in judging whether it is “child or juvenile pornography” or not, and it is not to be easily concluded that the depiction is “child or juvenile pornography”, even if the characters look somewhat younger. But I guess that this standard will not have a great effect on the judgment, because there are the conceptual element of “can be” and the principle of “in dubio pro reo”. From the point of view of the principle of clarity, the use of the conceptual element like “can be” is to be restrained in articles of criminal law, if possible. Therefore, it is proper that the term “child or juvenile pornography” should be reorganized as a depiction where real persons appear. The gap of punishment resulting from here will not happen. Criminal Act and Information and Communications Network Act will bridge the gap.