This study examine the manner by which media characteristics are reflected in text formation by-, focusing on book advertising on Instagram. By analyzing book advertising, i.e., a type of advertising text on Instagram, from a text-linguistic perspective, this study examines the textual characteristics of Instagram advertising texts and compares them with book advertisements in other media to identify the unique media characteristics of Instagram. Book advertising on Instagram can be categorized into three types: traditional, hide, and fan page. Differences in the structural characteristics and composition of linguistic and visual symbols are observed in each type. Compared with book advertisements in print and video media, the reversal technique due to page-type image exposure, direct exposure to the advertisement target, and intuitive advertisement-content organization can be regarded as examples that reflect the characteristics of Instagram as a medium. In particular, the structure of book advertisements comprising [thumbnail > text > conclusion] reveals the characteristics of the medium the most significantly. Additionally, various aspects such as the linear organization of verbal and visual symbols and hierarchical and complementary relationships, are observed, which are regarded as the characteristics of book advertisements on Instagram.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that enhance the effectiveness of bulk text message advertising on consumer attention in the telecommunications industry in Zimbabwe. Research design, data and methodology: The study collected data using structured questionnaires. The study attracted 293 responses from consumer subscribers of the Zimbabwean telecommunications industry. Data was analysed using SPSS and measures of association, direction, strength and significance were used. Results: The study found out that the examined variables of bulk text messaging (Simplicity, Frequency and Informativeness) had a positive significant impact on consumers‟ attention (𝛽= 0.645; p-value < 0.05). The study examined four bulk text advertising determinants, namely frequency, simplicity, informativeness and credibility. Only credibility was found to be statistically insignificant (p-value > 0.05), whilst frequency had an inverse effect on consumer attention. Simplicity of bulk text advertisements recorded a high positive and significant impact whilst informativeness was also positively, and significantly affecting consumer attention. Conclusions: The study concluded that for bulk text advertising to be effective, text messages should be informative, easy to understand and dispatched less frequently. It was further concluded that bulk text advertising should follow permission marketing where consumers consent before hand to be recipients of commercials.