PURPOSES: This study proposes the road asset valuation approach using alternative depreciation methods. It has become necessary to have asset management system according to the adoption of accrual basis accounting for governmental financial reporting and the amendment of the road act. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the effect of depreciation methods on road asset value as a basic research for road asset management system. METHODS: The Ministry of Strategy and Finance (MOSF) has mainly performed road asset valuation based on Write down Replacement Cost and Straight Line depreciation method. This study suggests some appropriate asset valuation methods for road assets through case analysis using three depreciation methods: Consumption-based depreciation method, Condition-based depreciation method, and Straight Line depreciation method. A road asset valuation data of national highway route 1 (year 2014) is used to analyze the effect of three depreciation methods on the road asset value. Road assets include land and structures (pavement, bridge, and tunnel). This study mainly focuses on structures such as bridges and tunnels, because according to governmental accounting standards, land and road pavement assets do not depreciate. RESULTS : The main results of this study are as follows. Firstly, overall asset value of national highway route 1 was estimated at 6.97 trillion KRW when MOSF's method (straight-line depreciation method) is applied. Secondly, asset value was estimated at 4.85 trillion KRW on application of consumption-based depreciation method. Thirdly, asset value was estimated at 4.37 trillion KRW when condition-based depreciation method is applied. Therefore, either consumption-based or condition-based depreciation methods would be more appropriate than straight-line depreciation method if we can use the condition data of road assets including land that are available in real time. CONCLUSIONS : Since road assets such as pavements, bridges, and tunnels have various patterns of deterioration and condition monitoring period, it is necessary to consider a specific valuation method according to the condition of each road asset. Firstly, even though road pavements do not depreciate, asset valuation through condition-based depreciation method would be more appropriate when requirements for application of non-depreciation approach are not satisfied. Since bridge and tunnel facilities show various patterns of deterioration and condition monitoring period by type and condition level, consumption-based depreciation method based on deterioration model would be appropriate. Therefore, it is necessary to have a reasonable asset management system to apply condition-based depreciation method and a periodic condition investigation to manage road assets well.

This paper describes how customer asset management can influence the profit and loss and the balance-sheet drivers of shareholder value. The authors argue that economic profit should be used as a measure of shareholder value creation because the former acknowledges both operating and financial expenses and allows analysis of individual customer relationships. The developed framework suggests that the drivers of shareholder value can be divided into four main categories: revenue, cost, asset utilization, and risk. The paper identifies 13 distinct roles for customer asset management that influence the four shareholder value drivers. The empirical research consists of three longitudinal B2B case studies describing customer asset management aimed at improving shareholder value creation. The findings of the empirical research suggest that B2B firms are able to acknowledge all suggested four shareholder value drivers. Findings also suggest that firms should differentiate their customer management concepts in order to move customer asset management beyond traditional acquisition–retention optimization.

In this study, green design introducing nature into the commercial place is viewed how it gives not only psychological and emotional values to the customers but also economic value to commercial business self. Because economic value is to be difficult, complex and inaccurate in figure, this study was investigated for economic values of introduction of naturality by conversions of brand values. Also this study investigated how customers give economic benefits to the brand attitude and brand royalty when they were conscious of the introduction of the naturality in family restaurant and how customers expressed brand loyalty by revisits and recommended to others. For the analogical interpretation, it were clarified with three hypotheses. The first hypothesis was visual factors will have positive effects to brand attitude and brand loyalty and the second hypothesis was that, among customer evaluation factors, introductions of naturality will affect more to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than visual factors. The third hypothesis was family restaurants of natural stlye would have introduced green design factors which were represented by plants and naturality. The results of this study were as follows: The first hypothesis was verified that visual factor was influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. The second hypothesis was investigated that recognition of natural elements were influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. Thirdly, the restaurants of natural stlye were explained by natural elements factors and has more positive relations to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than other type for introducing plants. Finally, this study was propsed that introducing natural plants in commercial family restaurant was to estimate brand asset values and to have motive to practice green design with natural elements, speciality natural plants.