Chromium nitride (CrN) films were deposited on silicon substrate by RF magnetron sputtering assisted by inductive coupled nitrogen plasma without intentional substrate heating. Films were deposited with different levels of bombarding energy by nitrogen ions (N+) to investigate the influence of substrate bias voltage (Vb) on the growth of CrN thin films. XRD spectra showed that the crystallographic structure of CrN films was strongly affected by substrate bias voltage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed that surface roughness and grain size of the CrN films varied significantly with bias voltage. For - 80 Vb depositions, the CrN films showed bigger grain sizes than those of other bias voltage conditions. The lowest surface roughness of 0.15 nm was obtained from the CrN films deposited at .130 Vb.

열 필라멘트 화학증착(CVD) 다이아몬드 제조에서 bias인가에 따른 다이아몬드 생성양상의 변화를 조사하였다. 기존의 bias실험에서는 기판과 필라멘트 사이에 bias를 인가시켰으나, 본 연구에서는 이 방법 외에 필라멘트 상 하에 텅스텐 망을 설치하여 bias를 인가시켰다. 실험결과 bias 전압을 인가하는 방법에 관계없이 필라멘트의 전자방출을 촉진시키는 방향으로 bias가 인가될 겨우 다이아몬드의 생성밀도 및 증착속도에 유리하게 작용하였다. 본 결과로부터 다이아몬드 증착시 필라멘트에서 방출되는 전자가 중요한 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였다. 전자의 기판표면과의 충돌에 의하여 다이아몬드의 생성에 미치는 효과는 적어도 본 실험에서는 중요하지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

A Quantile-based Matching (QM) method has been widely used to correct the biases in global and regional climate model outputs. The basic idea of QM is to adjust the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of model for the projection period on the basis of the difference between the model and observation CDFs for the training period. Therefore, the CDF of observation on training period plays an important role in quantile-based matching. Also, ensembles are highly correlated because ensemble forecasts generated from a combination of randomly perturbed initial conditions and different convective schemes in numerical weather model. We discuss the dependence of the bias correction results obtained from Qunatile-based Matching when there is correlation between ensembles and the variance of observation is larger than that of model. A simulation study is employed to understand the relation and distributional characteristics of observation and model when applying Quantile-based Matching method.

Purpose: The objectives of the present study were to investigate 189 male athletes playing soccer, rugby and water polo 1) to demonstrate the presence of the team-serving bias and thereby examine the validity of the Causal Dimension Scale for Teams (CDS-T), a measurement tool of team attribution, and 2) to verify the effects of group cohesion on the team-serving bias. Results: A team-serving bias was found in the locus of causality, stability and external control factors of team attribution, thus validating the measurement tool used in the study. Further, the moderating effect between group cohesion and team-serving bias was verified via hierarchical regression analysis. The direction of the moderating effects, as shown in the interaction graphs, indicated that the team-serving bias was higher for Individual-centred Task-oriented cohesion and Group-centred Task-oriented cohesion. Conclusion: we have shown that the team-serving bias tends to be stronger when group cohesion is higher. Further, we found that among the different types of group cohesion, there were moderating effects of task cohesion but not of social cohesion.