본 연구의 목적은 현지 시장 지식과 지식의 원천인 네트워크를 유형화하고, 지식 유형과 네트워크의 적합성을 제안함에 있다. 더불어 지식 이전 연구에서 중요한 요소인 사회적 자본의 세 가지 차원(구조적, 인지적, 관계적) 을 고려하여 사회적 자본이 현지 시장 지식의 획득과 이전에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴본다. 따라서 이를 위 해 첫째, SSCI 급 경영 전문 국제 학술지 7종에 게재된 지식의 유형과 관련된 논문을 탐색하고, 현지 시장 지식 의 유형을 4가지로 도출하였다. 둘째, SSCI 급 경영 전문 국제 학술지 7종에 게재된 네트워크 유형과 관련된 논 문을 탐색하고 이를 4가지 유형으로 나누어 특성을 도출하였다. 셋째, 네트워크 유형에 따라 얻을 수 있는 해외 시장 지식의 유형을 살펴 이들 간 개념적 모델을 개발하고 적합성을 밝혔다. 그리고 해당 지식의 획득과 이전에 서 사회적 자본의 세 가지 차원이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 영향 관계에 대한 명제를 제시하였다. 해외 시장 지식 의 중요성과 유형, 지식의 원천인 네트워크에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어지지 못한 현 상황에서, 기업의 해외 시장 진출 목적에 맞는 지식 유형을 판별하고 이에 적합한 네트워크를 구축하는 것은 해외 시장 진입에서 새로운 시사 점을 제공한다. 또한, 해외 시장 지식의 획득과 이전에서 적절한 사회적 자본을 이용하는 것은 기업의 해외 시장 진출과 성과에 대해 많은 경영적 시사점을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

Deforestation such as illegal logging and forest fires has caused a big disadvantage for surrounding people. In general, the losses were disasters such as floods, landslides and droughts. Disaster is something that causes damage, loss or misery (The Big Dictionary of Indonesian Language, 1996). Gendol hill is a forest area that has experienced disasters caused by forest destruction. Among the disasters occurred in Gendol hill area was drought or difficulty in fulfilment of the need of fresh water. A number of springs have been drying up after the destruction of Gendol forest in 1963. Efforts to restore the forest by reforestation or replanting have been conducted since a long time by the government (Perhutani) with planting of pine trees (Pinus merkusii). Since 1996, trees of Moraceae family were also planted gradually by local person. Three species from the Moraceae family that have been planted are Ficus benyamina, Ficus annulata, Ficus retusa, Ficus recemosa, Ficus microcara etc. By 2016, at least 4000 trees species from Moraceae family have been planted together thousands other species. Based steps of planting, there are three groups of Moraceae family trees in Gendol hill. They are tree groups aged 15-20 years, 10-15 years and 1-10 years (Anonimous, 2016) The case study aimed to get information of Moraceae family trees plantation benefits in emergence of springs. Observation, in-depth interview, documentation and study literature were conducted for this study in April 2016. Observation of the field conditions (vegetation and springs conditions) was conducted to obtain description of the location and springs condition. In depth Interview has conducted by interviewing of key persons to obtain historical information (forest destruction, loss of springs, replanting efforts, and re-emergence of springs). In-depth interview also aimed to get information about the benefits received by local people from the emergence of springs. While documentation in the form of photos of vegetation conditions and springs was taken to get more descriptions. To complete this research, we has also taken secondary data from related parties and some literatures. Furthermore, the collected data analyzed by descriptive-qualitative analysis method. The results showed that the planting of Moraceae family trees such as Ficus benyamina, Ficus annulata Blume, and Ficus retusa L. had a real benefit in emergence of springs on study site including re-emergence of died springs. There are many springs appearing in both large and small sizes. Five springs in quite large size appearing around the Moraceae family trees stand on the slopes of Gendol hill after 17 years of planting. The water yield of each springs was directly proportional to the amount and size of Moraceae family trees around the springs. The water discharge (outflow) of springs under 5 trees with height average 14 m and diameter 25 cm is bigger than the springs under 3 trees with height average 12 m and diameter 20 cm. The emergence of springs in Gendol hills has brought many benefits to the lives of the surrounding people. Based on descriptive analysis, the benefits for local community are; 1) Fulfilment of fresh water needs for at least 800 families of local communities (at least 240,000 litters / day), 2) Increasing of water availability for irrigating rice fields (from 1 harvest / year to become 3 harvest / year) so that people income around Gendol hill increased, 3) Increasing of public awareness in planting / greening including local government, 4) Appearing of tourism service potential that may be developed by local government together local people . Therefore, advanced research or applied research is suggested to be conducted for assessing the effect of Moraceae family trees on all aspects (vegetation, soil, hydrology and socio-economic). The research suggested are; a) The characteristics of vegetation on the springs area and their relation with springs, b) The effect of Moraceae family trees on water yield, c)Affecting factors in the springs sustainability (physical, socio-economic and institutional, d) Environmental services analysis of Springs management.

본 연구의 목적은 그간 간과되어온 연구영역, 즉 해외직접투자의 동기 및 기술수준의 차이가 현 지기업으로의 지식확산에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 실증하는데 있다. 이러한 관점에서, 본 연구는 직접투자 동기를 상이한 두 가지 유형(시장지향형 및 수출지향형 직접투자)으로 나누고, 산업을 기 술수준별로 구분한 후, 현지기업으로의 지식확산을 검증하였다. 이러한 시도를 통해 본 연구는 예 상했던 두 가지 사안이 모두 지식확산에 중요하게 작용함을 발견할 수 있었다. 동 실증결과를 근간 으로, 본 연구는 실용적인 경영 및 정책 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

In the global knowledge economy society, the quality of human resource is the key for competition. Adults are the mainstream of workforce and therefore adult learning has been a crucial investment for economic targets. Due to the characteristic, adult learning is offered by diverse stakeholders and how to improve the partnership between providers has been a significant issue. The paper is based on an empirical study in Chinese Taipei’s local communities and there are meaningful results explored into 311 subjects in six different local communities. The findings are intended to apply in APEC member countries and recommendations are raised to develop educational partnership and networking for competing in global knowledge economy society.

Climate change is considered as a major threat for agricultural production in Vietnam, particularly for coffee production, one of the most important agricultural sectors of the country. To effectively cope with the negative impacts of climate change on coffee production, the ways of understanding and also adequate responses by farmers on the climate change are very important. This paper aims to provide empirical insights into the farmers’ perception of climate change and their adaptation practices to its impacts on coffee production. The results from the questionnaire survey of 151 smallholder coffee farmers in Dak Nong province reveal the fact that the farmers understood the progress and impact of climate change through their observation into their surrounding areas. Coffee growers’ observation about the climate variability is remarkably consistent with the statistical data from the meteorological authority. However, this research revealed that their capacity to cope with climate change was relatively limited, mostly based on their own resources. This research suggests that more studies are required to examine the application of environmentally sustainable approaches to cope with climate changes.