The lunar surface progressively darkens and reddens as a result of sputtering from solar wind particles and bombardment of micrometeoroids. The extent of exposure to these space weathering agents is frequently calculated as the location in a diagram of reflectance at 750 nm vs. 950 nm/750 nm color (R-C). Sim & Kim (2018) examined the R-C trends of pixels within ∼3,500 craters, and revealed that the length (L) and skewness (s) of R-C trends can be employed as a secondary age or maturity indicator. We broaden this research to general lunar surface areas (3,400 tiles of 0.25◦ × 0.25◦ size) in 218 mare basalt units, whose ages have been derived from the size-frequency distribution analysis by Hiesinger et al. (2011). We discover that L and s rise with age until ∼3.2 Gyr and reduce rather rapidly afterward, while the optical maturity, OMAT, reduces monotonically with time. We show that in some situations, when not only OMAT but also L and s are incorporated in the estimation utilizing 750 & 950 nm photometry, the age estimation becomes considerably more reliable. We also observed that OMAT and the lunar cratering chronology function (cumulative number of craters larger than a certain diameter as a function of time) have a relatively linear relationship.

Foaling is a process of giving birth to foal which is prompt and forceful event in equine breeding. Dystocia is declared when 2nd stage of parturition exceeds from 20 min without fetal movements in mare. Dystocia is very challenging situation for both mare and veterinarian. Survivability of mare and foal, and subsequent fertility of mare depends on efficient management. Therefore, the current report described a rare case of wry neck (torticollis or unilateral bent neck) resulted in dystocia, that was efficiently resolved by partial fetotomy and repulsion technique in mare under field conditions. Intensive post operative care was performed to avoid infection and to achieve fertility subsequently.

영화가 문화를 반영하고 재현하는 기능을 지닌 훌륭한 문화 텍스트라는 점 은 다양한 논의를 통해 이미 확인된 바 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 상이 한 문화를 지닌 두 개 이상의 지역에서 생산된 영화 텍스트를 비교 분석함으로써, 영화를 통해 문화의 차이를 이해할 수 있음을 검증하고자 했다. 문화의 차이를 비교하는 준거로는 ‘고 맥락’과 ‘저 맥락’으로 유형화 되는 에드워 드 홀의 커뮤니케이션에 있어서의 맥락 의존도 차이에 주목하였으며, 비교 대상이 되는 텍스트로는 한국에서 2000년에 제작된 영화 <시월애>(감독 이현승)와 이 영화를 원작으로 하여 미국에서 2006년에 리메이크 된 영화 <레이크 하우스>(감 독 알레한드로 아그레스티)를 선택하였다. 영화의 리메이크란 기존에 있던 영화를 시대적, 문화적 배경에 맞추어 재생산 하는 행위를 말하는데 특히 외국에서 리메 이크 되는 경우, 원작의 장점을 유지하면서도 영화가 만들어지는 지역이나 국가의 문화적 특성에 맞추기 위해 통합체적 구조는 그대로 유지한 채 계열체적 구조만을 변형시키는 경우가 많아, 원작과 리메이크 영화의 짝패는 그들이 반영하고 있는 문화 요소의 체계적인 비교에 적합하다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구의 비교의 틀이 되 는 통합체와 계열체 분석에는 기호학적 분석 방법을 도입하였다. 연구 결과, 영화의 통합체 분석에서는 두 텍스트의 차이가 거의 나타나지 않았 지만, 계열체 분석에서는 상대적으로 고 맥락 문화를 가진 한국 영화에서 맥락도 가 높고, 저 맥락 문화를 가진 미국 영화에서 맥락도가 낮은 요소들이 다양하게 발견되는 유의미한 결과를 도출하였다.

본 연구에서는 GnRH가 과배란 처치된 래트의 초기 난포기와 후기 난포기에서 난소기능에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 이해하기 위해서, 30IU PMSG와 10IU hCG로 전처치된 미성숙 래트에 있어서 배란반응, 배란 난자의 형태학적 이상 유무 및 핵 성숙도, 난소 중량, 난소의 조직학적인 변화 및 혈중 스테로이드 호르몬 (17-estradiol, progesterone 및 testosterone) 농도에 대하여 GnRH agonist의 효과를 검사하였다.

미성숙 래트의 외경정맥에 카테타를 장착하고, 다음날 (28일령) 대조군에는 4IU, 다배란 처치 군에는 20IU의 PMSG를 피하주사하였다. 각 실험동물은 혈중의 LH농도 변화를 측정하기 위하여 PMSG 투여 직전 (0시간), 투여후 12시간, 그 이후 6시간 간격으로 혈액을 채취하고 72시간에 희생시켰다. 그 결과 다배란 용량의 PMSG 투여는 먼저 배란반응 및 난소중량을 대조군에 비하여 각각 4,7배 및 2.1배나 현저하게 (P<0.05) 증가시켰다

The effects of an antiprogesterone (RU 486) and an antiestrogen (tamoxifen) on ovulatory response and oocyte morphology were examined in pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-primed immatare female rats (28 days of age): a comparison has been made on two different regirnens primed with a "control" dose (4 IU) and a "superovulatory" dose (40 IU) of PMSG. Females for control control regimen received three consecutive injections of lmg RU486, lmg tamoxifen, or vehicle at 24, 36 and 48hr, and were killed at 72l'r after PMSG. Animals for superovalatory regimen received lmg RU486, 2.5mg tamoxifen, or vehicle fouowlag the injection schedule comparable to control regimen, and were killed at 60 and 72hr after PMSG. Compared to vehicle group, there was a significant reduction in ovulatory response as judged by the proportion of rats ovulating andi or by the mean number of oocytes per rat for each treatment of RU486 and tamoxifen in both regimens. The activity of tamoxifen in inhibiting the ovulatory response was greater in control, but less in superovulatory regimen than that of RU486 based on the dose employed for each antisteroid. In both regimens, RU 486 did not have any effect 6n the changes in the proportion of degenerate oocytes as well as ovarian weight, well tamoxifen treatment resulted in a marked promotion of oocyte degeneration as well as a great reduction in ovarian weight, compared to each parameter of vehicle group. RU486 treatment in each regimen did not alter the serum levels of any steroid hormones observed. Howerver, tamoxifen treatment was associated with significant increases in serum 17-estradiol and decreases in progesterone in both regimens; also significant increases in androgens in superovulatory regimen. The results illustrate the relative inhibitory activity of RU486 and tamoxifen indicating major steroid hormone involved in PMSG-induced ovulation: 17-estradiol for control and progesterone for superovulatory regimen. It also appears that tamoxifen-associated elevation of circulating 17-estradiol andi or androgens could be in part, a contributing factor to the promotion of oocyte degeneration presumably by producing a hostile oviductal environment after ovulation.ent after ovulation.

Irregular mare patches (IMPs), recently discovered on the Moon, are eruptions of magma on the lunar surface, and their origins are still in question. While prior studies on IMPs have mainly focused on optical image analysis, in this study, an analysis of the characteristics of minerals is performed exemplary for the first time. Modified Gaussian model (MGM) deconvolution was applied to the infrared spectrum to confirm the properties of the mafic mineral. Mafic minerals were analyzed for 6 olivine-rich (Ol-rich) IMPs out of 91 currently reported, and only 4 of them yielded results of significance. All four sites showed more abundance of Fe than Mg, and manifested a weak relationship with Mg-suite rock. However, a problem was discovered during the MGM application process due to pilot implementation. In order to solve this problem, it is required to adjust the MGM initial condition settings more precisely and to increase the signal to noise ratio of the observation data. Moreover, it is necessary to analyze the mineral properties for all IMPs considering minerals other than Ol and utilize them to deduce the origin of the IMPs.