동아시아 자연주의에는 무위의 리더십이 매우 중요하게 자리하고 있다. 자 연주의를 직접적으로 표방하는 도가나 천도를 인간 측으로 끌어오는 유가철 학적 인간학에는, 그것들이 비록 함의의 차이를 갖기는 하더라도, ‘무위’를 매 우 중요하게 리더십의 언저리에 담고 있다. 무위’는 무위자연이라 해도 크게 틀리지 않다. 이는 인간의 행위나 꾸밈이 없는 자연스럽게 공동체를 이끄는 리더십이라 해도 된다. 이 이념은 자연, 즉 ‘천’을 인간 내면의 ‘덕’차원에서 문제 삼은 유가철학의 리더십에도 매우 중시된다. 이는 세계 경영 차원으로까지 중요한 권장사항이 된다. 우리는 이런 면모를 대표적으로 유학의 3강령 8조목에서도 볼 수 있다. 대자(對自)와 대타(對他)에 걸쳐 있는 수기치인(修己治人), 수기안민(修己安民), 수기이경(修己以敬)의 ‘수기’라는 ‘자기리더십(Self-leadership)’ 맥락에서는 ‘무위 지치(無爲之治)’가 있다. 무위의 리더십은 잠정적으로는 ‘무위’이지만, 거기에 그치지 않고 그것은 일,현안 해결이나 공동체에 크게 기여하는 ‘유위’를 이룩하게 한다. 만약 리더가 ‘무위’한다면 그 공동체는 자발적으로 ‘유위’의 기틀을 마련할 수 있다. 공동체 구성원인 각자가 창의력이나 자발적 기운 또는 역동하는 욕망과도 같은 것을 소통할 수 있어서 기대할만하다. 한편, ‘무위’의 용어는 장뤽 낭시의 무위의 공 동체에서도 언급되고 있다. 이 연구는 이런 점도 소홀하게 다루지 않으면서, 우리가 사는 현대를 위한 리더십 확보에 한 시사를 얻고자 한다.

This study aims to identify characteristics of neo-naturalism coming from periodical changes in the 21th society, culture based on naturalism and analyze the expressional and design characteristics of neo-naturalism on 2000s. For a research method, this study researched development of naturalism in fashion, and searched digital naturalism and ecology which are design paradigm effecting on neo-naturalism through literature research and preliminary study. Analyzing preliminary study on architecture, interior, fashion about digital naturalism and ecology design, concept of neo-naturalism identified and four expressional characteristics of neo-naturalism was classified, actual examples of neo-naturalism in 21th fashion were extracted and drew design characteristics. The results are as followings. Firstly, naturalism described nature as it is and developed according to the values and needs of the times. Naturalism in fashion showed natrual human body's curve, nature pattern and used natural materical focused on ideal beauty of nature. Secondly, neo-naturalism renews with the foundation of digital culture and ecology design paradigm, and focuses on the flexible possibility to express nature with digital, new media and formative art, and made the artificial nature uniting human-nature-environment as organic whole by ecology design paradigm. Thirdly, design of neo-naturalism divided four characteristics, nature's organic form, combination with the technology, ethical harmony with nature, global local design. The first characteristics of the nature's organic form are expressing silhouette of the nature's organic volume abstractly, the second ones of the combination with the technology are reinterpreting primitive nature contemporary with artificial sensibility of high technology, the third ones of the ethical harmony with nature are showing simple design and high-touch, and the forth ones of global local design are expressing cultural hybrid preserving vernacular design.

The objective of this study is to develop naturalistic knit designs inspired by Yann Arthus-Bertrand’s works. For this purpose, we examined the present style of naturalism and history of naturalism though literature research, and then developed designs. The results are as follows: First, as scientific realism originated from a philosophical concept was adopted in literature and other genres, its meanings have been altered and comprehensively expanded according to the genres of which the term is being used. Naturalism of the modern times carries strong message of ecology and environmental protection. Second, the modern naturalism in fashion is manifested in expressing the image of nature and plasticity, instead of a mere use of the natural materials. As the aspects of ecology become more significant, elements of retro, recycle, or grunge are additionally integrated in fashion. Third, Naturalism expressed in knitwear is similar with that of other clothing in terms of color and textile, however, silhouette in knitwear is unique in its general naturalness and flowing effects. Embroidery, knitting of Jacquard and Intarsia, or crochet is used to express forms of objects from nature. Visual effects regardless of the contents of yarn, and pattern effects after knitting by using yarn, have influences on the material. Forth, the eight knit designs in expressing naturalism presented in this study took a motif from the works of Yann Arthus-Bertrand. They were created by rendering rhythm of the landscape with emphasis on brown color. Contour and surface touch were expressed through yarn and the structure of knit.

This paper is an attempt to search for a meta-theoretical foundation to an integrated Korean studies. Without its own target and methodology, it will be difficult for Korean studies to be established as an independent academic discipline. In particular, the antagonism of the ‘Two Cultures,’ referring to the juxtaposition between humanities and the sciences, has been reproduced into a humanities-based ‘National studies’ (‘國學’) and a social science-based ‘Korean studies’ (‘韓國學’), and is acting as a factor preventing a more holistic perspective of Korean society. Such division originated from the modern academic disciplinary structure systemized at the end of the 19th century but was then deepened by the path dependency of the division system and the external dependency of the Korean academia. Under this context, this paper seeks to graft critical naturalism of Marx and Durkheim, who envisioned unified sciences at the end of the 19th century, before separation into modern academic disciplines took place, to the attempts to alleviate the ‘Two Cultures’ and thereby project an integrated Korean studies. Critical naturalism of the two thinkers – in particular, their relational social paradigm and theory of explanatory critique – proposes a third way that resolves the dichotomies between society and people, science and philosophy, nomothetic and idiographic methods, and facts and values, thus positioning itself as a paradigmatic basis for unified knowledge that overcomes the antagonism between hyper-naturalist positivism and anti-naturalist humanities. Moreover, the critical naturalism of the two provides the possibility of depth-explanatory human sciences that integrates the historicity and the scientificity of a divided society as well as abundant philosophy of science resources to promote a more complete Korean studies that encompasses both the South and the North.