In this study, powder metallurgy and severe plastic deformation by high-pressure torsion (HPT) approaches were combined to achieve both full density and grain refinement at the same time. Water-atomized pure iron powders were consolidated to disc-shaped samples at room temperature using HPT of 10 GPa up to 3 turns. The resulting microstructural size decreases with increasing strain and reaches a steady-state with nanocrystalline (down to ~250 nm in average grain size) structure. The water-atomized iron powders were deformed plastically as well as fully densified, as high as 99% of relative density by high pressure, resulting in effective grain size refinements and enhanced microhardness values.

In this study, pure torsion tests were performed for a square cross-section reinforced concrete beams. Stirrup spacing and yield strength of the material was used to the experimental variables. From the test results, large torsional strength were occurred in specimens, which have small stirrup spacing. when, stirrup spacing was greater than the cross-sectional depth, regardless of the stirrup strength, maximum torsional strengths were nearly the same. Contrary, stirrup spacing was less than the cross-sectional depth, according to the stirrup strength, maximum torsional moment were largely. Lastly, the cracks of the beam much occurred in smaller stirrup spacing specimens.