High temperature during sprout emergence period of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major limitation to the yield of fall-grown potato in Korea. To explore the possibility of improving the yield of fall-grown potato through recycled paper mulching, the changes of soil environment and the growth and yield of potato cv. Daeji as affected by three mulching treatments of non-mulched control, recycled paper mulching (RPM), and black polyethylene film-mulching (BPFM) were examined over two fall seasons at Suwon, Korea. The mulching materials were a recycled mulch paper with 110 g/m2 and a thickness of 0.1 mm, which was manufactured from old corrugated containers for this experiment and a commercial black polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.01mm. On an average throughout the growing period, the soil temperature with RPM at the 5-cm depth was lower by 0.4-1.1~circC than that of the control. The maximum temperature during daytime in RPM was lowered by approximately 1 to 5~circC according to the weather condition during emergence period, the difference being great on a fine day. The soil temperature with BPFM was much higher than the control. The effect of the mulching treatments diminished as the canopy became developed. The mulching treatments were more advantageous than the control in the conservation of soil water. Moreover, RPM and BPFM efficiently suppressed the occurrence of weeds until the potato harvest. RPM improved the emergence significantly due to lower soil temperature, whereas BPFM showed much poorer emergence than the control. Growth after emergence and yield were significantly higher in RPM than in the control and BPFM. It was concluded that the significantly improved yield in RPM compared to that in the control was mainly due to the improvement of the sprout emergence and tuber growth accompanied by lower soil temperature and better conservation of soil water.

To explore the feasibility of recycled paper mulching in spring-grown potato the changes of soil environments and the growth and yield of potato under non-mulched control and three mulching treatments of recycled paper (RPM), transparent polyethylene film (TPFM), and black polyethylene film (BPFM) were examined over two spring seasons in 1998 and 1999 at Suwon, Korea. The mulching materials were a recycled mulch paper with 110 g/m2 and a thickness of 0.1mm, which was manufactured from old corrugated containers for this experiment and the commercial polyethylene films with a thickness of 0.01mm. RPM lowered the average soil temperature at 5-cm depth during the potato growing period by 03~circC compared with the control, whereas TPFM and BPFM raised it by 2.0~circC , and 1.8~circC , respectively. On a sunny day during sprout emergence, RPM reduced the maximum soil temperature by about 5~circC , while TPFM and BPFM enhanced it by about 11~circC and 6.0~circC , respectively. The temperature difference between the control and the mulching treatments decreased with the development of canopy. All the mulching treatments had an advantage in preserving the soil moisture over the control. RPM and BPFM resulted in the effective control of weed by obstructing light transmission onto soil surface, but TPFM had no control effect of weed. Sprout emergence started two to three days earlier in TPFM and BPFM, but one day later in RPM than in the control due to the altered soil temperature by the mulching treatments. However, the final percentage of emergence was notably lower in TPFM than that in the control because of too high soil temperature during daytime, but was not different among the control, RPM, and BPFM. During the early stage of potato growth, the shoot and root growth under RPM was lower compared with the control, but afterwards, RPM outpaced the control. In 1998 experiment, the tuber yield under RPM and BPFM were significantly higher than those of the control and TPFM. In 1999 experiment, there was no significant difference in tuber yield between RPM and the control.

사용된 멀칭자재의 광학적 특성, 작물군락의 형성 등에 의하여 토양표면의 에너지 수지는 달라지며, 이러한 토양표면 에너지 수지의 차이에 의해 변화되는 지중열류가 토양온도 변화의 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 일사량, 밀칭표면의 순복사, 지중열류, 멀칭 내외면 온도, 토양온도 등을 연속적으로 측정하였으며, 실측된 자료를 이용하여 토양표면의 에너지 수지 및 지중열류를 추정하여 멀칭처리에 따른 토양온도 변화의 원인을 분석하였다. 감자 출아전인 1998년 8월 30일의 무멀칭처리에서는 지표면의 순복사(10.0 MJm2day1 )는 높았지만, 대류에 의한 현열이나 수분증발에 의한 잠열로 대부분의 에너지(9.65MJ m2 day1)가 지면으로부터 빠져나가 토양으로 흐르는 지중열류는 0.36MJ m2day1 이었다. 흑색 폴리에틸렌 필름 멀칭에서는 지표면의 순복사는 2.4 MJ m2day1 이었지만 멀칭면과 토양표면의 대류에 의한 지표면의 에너지 손실이 1.39 MJ m2day1 로 적어져 지중열류는 1.02 MJm2day1 로 무멀칭처리보다 많이 높았다. 종이멀칭처리에서의 지표면의 순복사는 1.30 MJ m2day1 로 다른 처리에 비해 낮았고, 멀칭면과 지표면의 대류에 의한 에너지 교환에 의하여 지표면으로부터 1.36 MJ m2day1 의 에너지가 손실되어 지중열류는 -0.06 MJ m2day1 로 흑색 폴리에틸렌 필름 멀칭이나 무멀칭보다 낮았으며, 특히 주간의 상위층 토양온도가 다른 처리에 비해 많이 낮아졌다. 군락이 형성된 9월 27일의 경우, 멀칭처리에서의 지표면 순복사는 군락이 없는 8월 30일의 경우와 큰 차이가 없었지만 무멀칭처리에서는 군락의 일사 차단으로 순복사가 현저히 낮아졌으며, 흑색 플라스틱 필름 멀칭처리에서는 현열 및 잠열에 의한 손실이 작아 지중열류는 다른 처리에 비해 높았으며, 무멀칭처리에서는 현열 및 잠열에 의한 에너지 손실이 많아 지중열류는 작았다. 이러한 지중열류의 차이에 의해 흑색 플라스틱 필름 별칭처리에서의 지온이 다른 처리에 비해 높아졌고, 종이멀칭처리에서의 지온은 군락이 형성되지 않은 초기에는 무멀칭에 비해 낮았지만 군락이 형성된 후기에는 그 차이가 거의 없었다. 군락의 형성여부와 관계없이 일 최저기온 및 최고기온이 나타나는 시각의 토심에 따른 토양온도의 변화는 비슷한 경향을 보였으며, 일 최고기온이 나타나는 시각에 흑색 플라스틱 필름 멀칭처리에서의 온도는 지표에 가까울수록 급격하게 높았으며, 그 증가추세는 종이멀칭이나 무멀칭에 비해 현저하였다.

In this study, development of new sound absorbent which is safety, economical and efficient with using recycled materials is tried for substitution of commercial sound absorbent. The sound absorbents, used in this investigation, were made of used paper or filters of cigarette butts. With the variation of the material densities,, sound absorptions of materials were measured. The impedance tube method is used for measuring sound absorption coefficient of the new sound absorbent materials. The measured frequency range was 250㎐ to 4000㎐ in 1/3 octave band . The sound absorption coefficient of the commercial materials and that of the materials synthesized in the our laboratory show almost same value.