농촌 논과 밭 경작지 및 야산지역에 분포하는 나비군집 변화가 지난 10년 동안 어떻게 변화했는가를 알아보기 위하여 2001년부터 2002년에 이루어진 자료와 2014년 자료를 비교, 분석하였다. 나비 조사는 선 조사법을 통하여 동일한 지점에서 이루어졌다. 조사 결과 나비의 종 수와 개체수는 10년 전과 비교하였을 때 줄어드는 양상을 나타내었는데 2001년과 2002년에 비하여 2014년에는 종 수와 개체수 모두 감소하였다. 조사지역의 출현 종 수가 그들의 생태학적 특성인 서식지, 서식지 범위, 먹이식물, 먹이식물 범위, 세대수 및 겨울나기 유형 등에 변화가 있는 가를 조사한 결과 종 수는 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 개체수에서는 겨울나기 유형을 제외하고 차이가 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 지난 10년간 지역적으로 나비 군집에 많은 변화가 있었다는 것을 나타내고 있으며 주 원인은 조사지역의 서식지 변화가 주요 요인이었을 것으로 추측한다. 조사 지역에서 나비 군집의 변화를 일으키는 원인을 알기 위해서는 앞으로 지역적 수준에서 종 변화 및 이 변화의 원인을 알기 위해서는 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

This study was conducted to analyze the policy impacts of the ‘2014 Rural Field Forum’. From 2013, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs implemented Rural Field Forum to push forward rural development of inhabitants′ initiative. In this study, we have evaluated that Rural Field Forum has crucial impacts on residents′ competence, region capability and driving force of project by targeting the 374 residents of 350 villages in 9 states who participated in 2014 Rural Field Forum. We also sought for the solution to institutional improvement. Futhermore we analyzed each of leader group and normal residents for departmentalization of policy effects. Taken together, the analysis reveals that: 1)Rural field forum is demonstrated to have a positive effect on the establishment and execution of village development plan and all of its necessary components. 2)Regarding the effect on the village capabilities, the understanding and recognition of village organization was shown to be improved. 3)About regional capabilities, the interest in village project was advanced. 4)In terms of the project execution, Rural field forum turned out to affect the village council processes positively. 5)lastly, between the leader and the residents, the difference effectiveness between them revealed, with the same directivity and considerably bigger effect felt by the leader than by the residents overall.

Since greenhouse gas emissions increase continuously, the authorities have needed climate change countermeasure for adapting the acceleration of climate change damages. According to "Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth", Korean local governments should have established the implementation plan of climate change adaptation. These guidelines which is the implementation plan of climate change adaptation should be established countermeasure in 7 fields such as Health, Digester/Catastrophe, Agriculture, Forest, Ecosystem, Water Management and Marine/Fisheries. Basically the Korean local governments expose vulnerable financial condition, therefore the authorities might be assessed the vulnerability by local regions and fields, in order to establish an efficient implementation plan of climate change adaptation. Based on this concepts, this research used 3 methods which are LCCGIS, questionnaire survey analysis and analysis of existing data for the multiphasic vulnerable assessment. This study was verified the correlation among 7 elements of climate change vulnerability by 3 analysis methods, in order to respond climate change vulnerability in rural areas, Seocheon-gun. If the regions were evaluated as a vulnerable area by two or more evaluation methods in the results of 3 methods' comparison and evaluation, those areas were selected by vulnerable area. As a result, the vulnerable area of heavy rain and flood was Janghang-eup and Maseo-myeon, the vulnerable area of typhoon was Janghang-eup, Masan-myeon and Seo-myeon. 3 regions (i.e. Janghang-eup, Biin-myeon, Seo-myeon) were vulnerable to coastal flooding, moreover Masan-myeon, Pangyo-myeon and Biin-myeon exposed to vulnerability of landslide. In addition, Pangyo-myeon, Biin-myeon and Masan-myeon was evaluated vulnerable to forest fire, as well as the 3 sites; Masan-myeon, Masan-myeon and Pangyo-myeon was identified vulnerable to ecosystem. Lastly, 3 regions (i.e. Janghang-eup, Masan-myeon and Masan-myeon) showed vulnerable to flood control, additionally Janghang-eup and Seo-myeon was vulnerable to water supply. However, all region was evaluated vulnerable to water quality separately. In a nutshell this paper aims at deriving regions which expose climate change vulnerabilities by multiphasic vulnerable assessment of climate change, and comparing-evaluating the assessments.

The purpose of this study is to show the relation of the change between spacial structure and social conditions of rural area. The spacial structure change of Asan city was analyzed using Space Syntax, and multiple regression analysis (dependent variables: connectivity, global integration, local integration / independent variables: population, household, farm population, farm population of 65years old and over, farm household, part-time farm households, cultivated land) was accomplished. As th result, that the increase of connectivity is related to the increase of population and farm population of 65years old and over and the decrease of farm population, and the increase of local integration is related to the increase of farm population of 65years old and over was showed. However, that global integration is not related to change of social conditions was proved.

Owing to increase of meteorological disasters by climate change, it needs to study of climate change which will be able to deal with adaption for basic local authorities. A case study area of Yesan have been impacted by land-use which alter natural environment demage. It has led to micro-climate change impacts in rural area, Yesan. In order to adapt to the effects, this paper estimated temperature change in productivity of fruits and conducted decline of nonpoint pollutant loadings. As the results of temperature change of effecting on growth of apple, since a rise in temperature have not increased high, therefore the apple productivity could not be influence until 2030s. While the apple productivity could be declined 14.8% in 2060s. In addition, it supposes that the productivity would be decreased 44.5% in 2090s. Furthermore, it showed that the apple maturity has become worse, because length of high temperature has dramatic increased 54.2% in 2030s, 103.2% in 2060s and 154.0% in 2060s beside 2000, respectively, compared with 2000. As results of analysing between the future rainfall characteristics and nonpoint pollutant loadings, the subject of reduction of nonpoint pollutant was efficiency when it implemented around Oga-myeon or Deoksan-myeon Dun-ri. This study classified the region more detail each Eup and Myeon after that it analysed the rural region impacts of climate change for basic local authorities. Hence, this study is able to predict adaptation of rural region impacts of climate change. Due to increase of green house gases emission, meteorological disasters could often occur in the future. Therefore, it needs follow-up studies that assess climate change of effecting on rural region.

This study aims to perform the economic analysis to the use of solar power facilities in rural villages considering the climate change scenario. IPCC climate change scenarios in the recently adopted the RCP scenarios (RCP8.5, RCP6.5, RCP4.5, RCP2.6) was used. By RCP scenarios, solar radiation, depending on the scenario in 2100, respectively, 3.6%, 2.5%, 1.9%, 1.1% was assumed to increase. From the economic analysis(payback period is 25 year) on 8 points of each province, in all cases of normal data and four RCP scenarios, at all points analyzed were NPV indicate a negative, BC ratio less than 1.0, respectively. In the case of Mokpo, Chunnam RCP8.5, BC ratio were found to be up to a 0.92, followed by 0.89 in the case of RCP8.5 in Jinju, Kyungnam shows, while the minimum was in Jeju. BC ratio is 1.0 or bigger, in order for the normal solar radiation data in Mokpo, Chonnam was the minimum that it takes 37 years. Similarly, in the case of RCP scenarios, 30 years in Mokpo, Chonnam RCP8.5 and 31 years in the cases of Jinju, Kyungnam and Jeonju, Cheonbuk RCP8.5 were analyzed. It was analyzed that RCP8.5 has the highest value. BC analysis models for each of the factors, the results of the sensitivity analysis, the initial installation costs, electricity sales price, discount rate in the order of economy showed higher sensitivity, and the rest factors showed lower changes. Although there are some differences of solar radiation by region, but in Korea most facilities in rural areas, the use of solar power was considered to be economical enough, considering change of several factors with high sensitivity, such as increasing of government subsidies for the solar power installation of the facility, rising oil prices due to a rise in electricity sales price, and a change in discount rate. In particular, when considering climate change scenarios, the use of solar energy for rural areas of the judgment that there was more economical.

The purpose of this study is to investigate industry-wise employment growth factors in rural areas. Regional economic vitalization is sensitive to internal and external interaction changes among various industrial and occupational sectors. Thus, rural regional economic vitalization requires a comprehensive approach in analyzing industry-dependent employment structures and growth factors in rural areas. However, research conducted thus far has mostly focused on agriculture and farmers. Considering the evidence that rural communities continue to be stagnant and 80% of the rural population is engaged in nonagricultural activities, it becomes necessary to review industry-specific employment change factors in rural areas. This study targeted 5 counties in Chungnam. The results revealed that agriculture, forestry, and fisheries occupied the foremost positions with regard to population employed and regional GRDP share. The influence of national growth on employment and business variation effects was as high as 98.1% and 78.6%, respectively, thus demonstrating the high likelihood of rural economy to be influenced by external factors. Growth in the public sector appeared to support employment structure. Moreover, wholesale and retail businesses, constituting 14.4% of employment in rural areas, showed a strong trend toward degeneration, to the extent that difficulties have been forecasted for the supply of goods and services essential for basic livelihood of the rural residents. The implications based on the above observations need to be considered for policy-making to ensure that industrial structure is modified on the basis of internal demand of the region, and support for small businesses is integrated in rural area development projects.

As people get aged, we need to pay more attention to the elderly living condition with respect to welfare policy. The present study focuses on housing condition of elderly people living in rural area, and analyzes its determinants, periodical difference, and regional disparities, incorporating an index of minimum housing standard. This study applies multi-level logit model that has a strong statistical advantage that can take random aspects of household and regional context into account. We found that married couple household, presence of economically-active family members, higher education, specialized profession, migration and higher level of land price tend to lower the probability of residing in substandard housings. We also found that housing conditions for elderly people prove to be different by regions and it is particularly noticeable in mountainous rural areas in Gyeongsangnam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do with the poorest elderly housing conditions. Results also implies that housing welfare policies should be implemented differently considering the target groups based on regional differences. We conclude with some additional policy implications for the elderly living in rural areas.

The purpose of this study is to investigate a causal relationship between the mode of production and change of rural society. While dominant theories of social change have stressed variation of contingencies and periodical contexts, this theoretical paper drives a new insight paralleling diverse theoretical arguments of each mode of production with rural and urban changes. Investigating the drifts of intellectual ideologies of the mode of production, we get through diverse paradigm shifts of the production accumulation and its trigger effects on rural change. More specifically, the present study investigates change of rural society by way of investigating such fluctuations of societal changes as ancient society, slavery society, feudal society, industrial society, post-industrial society, and information society. We find that transportation and communication technologies have had a key role in the changes, however, the effects of the technologies on social changes have been different between rural- and urban-society. While we take it for granted that flexible accumulation in post-industrial society and time-space compression and informatization in information society will reduce developmental gap between rural- and urban-society, we also found that there have been big differences of actual application of the technologies between theory and reality in each era of mode of production.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of land-use and population change in rural area by new expressway. Chungbu expressway constructed in 1987, going through the south area of Kyunggi province from Seoul, was selected as a case expressway, and also 2 cities and 18 subdivisions of county in its surrounding area, as a case study area. To analyze the change characteristics before and after the construction, land-use maps of 1986 and 1996 were collected, including the census data for the years in cities and counties yearbooks. Remote sensing technology was applied to classify the land-use maps with six types of land use. Geographic information system was also used for spatial analysis, such as the land-use and accessibility changes. A 5 km buffer zone from interchange of the expressway showed about two times increase of urbanized built-up area than a 5 km buffer zone from the expressway. Accessibility from Seoul and cities was improved in most areas, which is accessing to Seoul through existing Youngdong expressway. Ten rural areas showed increased population with accessibility of average 52 minutes to Seoul and 19 minutes to cities, while eight areas showed decreased population with average 73 minutes to Seoul and 35 minutes to cities. This shows that the threshold value, which is time distance to Seoul and cities for population increase or decrease, one and half hours, respectively. Urbanized area was increased in most areas, even in population decrease areas, so this indicates that there are thinning rural areas, increasing urbanized area while decreasing population.

This study was carried out to find out the time-dependent change of central functions in the depopulated rural areas. Three county areas were selected for the case study ; Haenam(as a remote flat area), Goksung(as an intermediate mountainous area), and Hwasun(as a peri-urban area). For each district area administered by each county, service facilities stock was surveyed at both the present('02) and the past('89 or '94)time, and its functional index checked. From the study results, table-tennis rooms, oil shops and inns were ascertained to be disappeared now in the absolute or real terms, while beer halls, restaurants and bakeries to be sharply increased. Generally, in spite of the substantial depopulation in the past decade, service facilities stock has been increased in and concentrated to the highest order center of rural area (county office seated district). However, where this center leans to the outer side of its county area and to the opposite direction against the regional center, the dependent level of service function on the highest center have decreased.