This study aimed to reconfirm the sex change scale and pattern of Tegillarca granosa. Although the sex ratio (female : male, female proportion) of T. granosa was 1:2.32 (30.2%) at the initial stage (2011) of the study, it was 1:0.94 (51.5%) after one year (2012) in the same population. The increase of the female proportion was greater in the 2+ year class (23.0%) when compared to the 1+ year class (19.2%). Overall, sex change ratio of 37.6% was observed in this population of T. granosa. The sex change ratio of the 2+ year class (39.3%) was higher than that of the 1+ year class (35.3%). And sex change ratio in the males (42.2%) was higher than that in the females (26.9%). The female proportion was the opposite of the result from 2006~2007, and one of the causes was presumed to be the difference in cumulative water temperature during the gonadal inactive stage (winter).

우리나라의 성폭력 문제는 날이 갈수록 심각해지고 있으며 성폭행 사건이 잇따라 발생하면서 성폭력에 대한 국민들의 경각심은 단순한 공포와 염려의 수준을 벗어나 폭발적인 분노에 이르고 있다. 성폭력범죄를 줄이기 위해서는 처벌을 강화하는 것도 중요하지만 무엇보다 사전 예방교육이 우선되어야 한다. 이에 따라 법무부는 2012년부터 교정시설에 수용중인 성범죄 재범 고위험 군에 대한 과학적인 평가 및 분석과 체계적이고 집중적인 심리치료를 통하여 출소 후 사회의 안전을 확보하고 재범방지에 기여하고자 교정심리치료프로그램을 실시하고 있다. 본 연구는 교정시설에 수용중인 성폭력사범 중 2014년 3월부터 2015년 1월 사이에 16개 집단 190명을 대상으로 법무부 교정본부 성폭력사범 기본교육 매뉴얼을 적용하여 실시한 후, 자아존중감, 강간 통념, 아동 성추행, 성대응 전략, 분노, 충동성, 고독감에 대한 인지적 변화를 살펴보았다. 프로그램의 만족도에 대한 설문지 분석 결과 67%~ 83%의 긍정적인 평가를 하였으며, 사전사후 척도검사 결과, 자아존중감 척도, 강간통념 척도, 상태특성-분노표현 척도, 충동성 척도, 아동 성추행 척도, UCLA 고독감 척도, 성을 이용한 대응 척도에서 긍정적인 변화가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구에서는 다양한 측정도구를 활용하여 그 효과를 다각도로 분석하고 성폭력 가해자의 성에 대한 인지왜곡을 수정하고 감소시키기 위한 다양한 집단상담 프로그램을 개발하려는 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

The sex of bivalves is classified into gonochorism and hermaphroditism, and hermaphroditism is further divided into simultaneous, and sequential. Simultaneous hermaphroditism is the simultaneous release of eggs and sperm by one organism during the same season. Sequential hermaphrodites are either male or female for one or several annual cycles (Heller, 1993; Gosling 2004; Collin, 2013). T. granosa is a sequential hermaphroditic bivalve undergoing sex change (Lee et al., 2014). However, definitive conclusion on whether the scale and pattern of sex change of T. granosa is always consistent could not be made. Therefore, the objective of this study was to reconfirm sex change in T. granosa and consider the scale and pattern of sex change compared to the results of Lee et al. (2014). The total number of T. granosa used for sex change identification was 777 with a shell length (SL) between 25.1-35.0 (30.9±2.13) mm. For Tegillarca granosa, the scale of sex change during 2006-2007 was reported to be 15.1% (Lee et al., 2014). In this study, the overall scale of sex change in T. granosa was 37.6% during 2011-2012, which was approximately 2.5 times higher than that reported by Lee et al. (2014). In addition, the difference between the sex change ratio from females to males and that from males to females was 15.3% during the period of 2011-2012, which was similar to the finding of 15.0% during 2006-2007 (Lee et al., 2014). The sex change ratio of female→male : male→female was 1 : 3.42 during 2006-2007 reported by Lee et al. (2014). It was 1 : 1.57 during 2011-2012 in this study.

Cinnamon clownfish, Amphiprion melanopus, typically live as part of a mated adult pair or an adult pair and an immature individual and social ranking in the group controls the sexes of the fish. In general, the female is the larger and dominant individual. If a dominant female dies or is absent, the male partner undergoes a sex change to become a female. This special reproductive characteristic provides a good model for which to study the mechanism of sex change. Sexual development and gonadal maturation in fish are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis including gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and other neurohormones, gonadotropins, and gonadal steroid hormones and peptides. Specially, light is among the most important natural environmental factors that regulate reproduction in fish. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which is a new form of lighting technology can be designed to output specific wavelengths such as narrow bandwidth light which is important because it can be tuned to the environmental sensitivity of a target species. In the experiment, the white fluorescent bulb and different LED (red, peak at 630 nm; green, 530 nm) were used. The effects of different illuminations were assessed by measuring the mRNA and protein expressions of HPG axis genes and sex steroid hormone level. For green LED light, significantly higher levels of HPG axis genes expressions, GSI, and plasma sex steroid hormone were obtained, compared to the red LED light spectra. Histological analysis also revealed the presence of vitellogenic oocytes in fish exposed to green LED light. The results indicate that exposure to short wavelength lighting accelerates gonadal maturation and sex change, and is likely to facilitate development of more energy-efficient aquaculture procedures. Also, have investigated that light reaction in marine organism's mechanism using LED lights, and high potential of application of Bio-photonics for the aquaculture.