On September 4, 2018, Second Criminal Division of Korea Jeju District Court Judge, Mr. Chang Jegal decided that “Each retrial shall be initiated for the decision to be re-judged,” at 18 Jeju 4.3 Survivors retrial: Decision about Case: 2017 Inventory Hab-4 : Rebellious or Treasonous Actions and Violations of the National Defense and Security Act. As for A. Rebellious or Treasonous Actions B. Violations of the National Defense and Security Act. Defendant: Defendants are the same as listed in the appendix, Retrial Claimants: The Defendants, Counsel: The Law firm Haemaru (For the defendants), Lead Lawyers: Im Jae-sung & Kim Seeun, Judgement on the Retrial: The Following report on the Retrial judgement is as stated. Order : Each retrial shall be initiated for the decision to be re-judged. Reasons : 1. Basic Facts. The records of this case indicate that each of the following facts can be admitted: A. The petitioners are Jeju residents who were detained by the military and police during the fall of 1948 to July 1949 when the Jeju 4.3 Incident was under way, and were transported to a prison on the main land from December 1948 to July 1949, where they were imprisoned for a certain period of time after arriving. (Here after, According to Article 2, section 1 of the SPECIAL ACT ON DISCOVERING THE TRUTH OF THE JEJU 4·3 INCIDENT AND THE RESTORATION OF HONOR OF VICTIMS. The term "Jeju 4·3 Incident" means an incident in which the lives of inhabitants were sacrificed in the riot that arose on April 3, 1948 starting from March 1, 1947 and in the process of armed conflicts and suppression thereof that took place in Jeju-Do and the suppression thereof until September 21, 1954.) B. The records show that the claimants to deduce the basis for their transfer to the main land and imprisonment thereafter, include the names of the claimants, their age, occupation, residence, plea and verdict, adjudication date, sentence and confinement in prison, which are listed as one column for each of the petitioners. The documents are from the Registry of Convicted Persons from the 12th month of the year 4281 (1948) and the 7th month of the year 4282 (1949) & the criminal records of Claimants, Park, Park, Bu, Yang, Bang, Oh, Oh, Jeong, Jo, and Han. In addition, as part of the fact-finding investigation into the reasons for the appeal, documents related to the execution of military enforcement orders or reduction of sentences for some of the petitioners, which were obtained through fact-finding and document-transfer requests from the National Archives and other related agencies. Beyond these, documents that can directly confirm the original judgement concerning the claimants, such as the indictments, records of trial and ruling, prison transfers and other prison records have yet to be discovered.

This research examines Kang et al. (2016)’s proposal that corporate social responsibility (CSR) reputation, which was operationalized in this paper via consumers’ CSR beliefs about a brand (Du et al., 2007), could moderate the negative effect of corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) crisis on firm performance when it is used as a preventive, insurance-like measure. According to Kang et al. most companies unsuccessfully used CSR as penance mechanism to undo negative effects of a prior CSI crisis they caused by their irresponsible behavior. However, using CSR as an insurance tool before any CSI event has happened, in order to mitigate the potential negative future effect, has not been observed yet in practice. The results of this paper show that a completely CSR positioned brand has a competitive advantage over a non-CSR positioned brand. Regardless of crisis severity, the consumers’ stronger CSR beliefs triggered by the CSR brand positioning works like a preventive, insurance-like mechanism, which protects the brand in times of both non-severe and severe CSI crisis. The CSR positioned brand also suffers a damage measured in brand attitude change and negative word-of-mouth, but much less than a brand, which did not care at all about CSR positioning or engaging in any CSR activities. However, the results only hold true for consumers, who regard CSR as important. Most managers still do not even know the effects a reputation in CSR can have in face of a CSI crisis (Lenz et al., 2017). This research sheds new light on this ambiguity.

The paper proposes to develop a framework to help examine the factors and processes by which luxury advertising can impact consumer health across the globe. While luxury products such as Burberry and Gucci have been a source of much pride and might accentuate the need for conspicuous consumption (Veblen 1899) within a society, we seek to examine how luxury brands across categories can produce both favorable and unfavorable consequences on consumer health. The model would offer insights into essential factors and processes not only those who aspire such luxury brands, but also for those who have no such desire. With the theoretical underpinnings, the suggested model will draw its predictability powers across the fields of marketing (e.g., branding), psychology (i.e., cognitive dissonance theory, social perception theories) and network theories (social contagion theory). This suggested framework will focus on body image, specifically eating disorders (e.g., anorexia), and will exemplify how luxury brand communication can have quick detrimental effects on young adolescent females across the globe. At the same time, the model will also demonstrate how and what factors can lead the global community down a more healthy socially integrated pathway with luxury branding still being the driving force.

This article examines if English auxiliary shall is really dying, where it is still used, and why it is dying, and then speculates how long it will survive in what constructions. Our method of the examination is the search of the large-scale corpora like the COHA (The Corpus of Historical American English), which shows the relatively long-term changes of (American) English because it covers the recent 200 years (1810s-2000s) and the BNC (The British National Corpus), which is British English data. There have been so many reports about the disappearing shall-future, e.g. Mair and Leech (2006: 320), which are borne out through our examination of the corpora. The search result is the confirmation of the report that shall is dying. But it is not dead yet. It is still widely used mainly in the 1st person construction. The obsolescence of shall has been caused by both language-internal and external factors. Language internally, the loss (or grammaticalization) of the original lexical meaning of shall, i.e., 'obligation' or 'necessity', is the main reason for its reduction, because the remaining 'pure future' meaning can be expressed by will or other expressions like be going to. In general, language does not tolerate two words or constructions of the same meaning or function that can be exchanged each other anytime. Language externally, such factors as Americanization and colloquialization intervene in the loss of shall. Nevertheless, we cannot predict the complete disappearance of shall with certainty, because not a few historical changes leave the so-called historical remnants. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that shall remains to be used in a certain formal situation or in a number of formulaic uses.

The concept of Original Sin is central to Anglo-Catholic and Roman Catholic theology. In both Paul's epistle to the Romans and Article IX of the Church of England's Thirty-Nine Articles, Original Sin is not seen merely as an aspect among others of a Christian life but an unavoidable condition of existence. This belief in the fallen state of humanity and nature presents the Christian poet with particular difficulties and nowhere are these difficulties more in evidence than in the matter of language. T. S. Eliot's embrace of Anglo-Catholicism within Anglicanism put the matter of language at the center of his later work, especially Ash-Wednesday and Four Quartets. If humans are fallen creatures, the language they use must, in some sense, be fallen too. Eliot recognized this dilemma and adopted a number of stylistic devices in his later poetry to convey his sense of the fate of language in a fallen world. These devices include his use of repetition that suggests a kind of stammering, incomplete grammatical structures and punctuation, self-deprecatory statements, moments of self-exposure and confession. Most notably in both Ash-Wednesday and Four Quartets, Eliot cautions his readers not to be beguiled by the beauty of poetry itself. In 'East Coker' he goes so far as to state baldly that the 'poetry does not matter'.