Ultrastructural characteristics of the germ cells and accessory cells in testis during spermatogenesis and taxonomic values of mature sperm morphology of Ruditapes philippinarum were investigated by the transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope observations. The testis is the diffuse organ that consists of branching acini containing developing germ cells and accessory cells associated with spermatogenesis. The morphology of the spermatozoon is of the primitive type and is somewhat different to those of other bivalves. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus type and the acrosome shape of this species have a cylinderical type and a modified cone shape, respectively. As some ultrastructural characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle, the peripheral parts of two basal rings show electron opaque part, while the apex part of the acrosome shows electron lucent part. These characteristics of sperm belong to the family Veneridae in the subclass Heterodonta, unlike a characteristic of the subclass Pteriomorphia showing all part of the acrosome being composed of electron opaque part. In particular, a cylinder-like nucleus of the sperm is curved. The spermatozoon is approximately 48-51 μm in length, including a long acrosome (about 2.40 μm in length), a curved sperm nucleus (about 3.40 μm in length), and a tail flagellum. The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9+2 structure.

The ultrastructural characteristics of germ cell differentiations during spermatogenesis and mature sperm morphology in male () were evaluated via transmission electron microscopic observation. The accessory cells, which contained a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, are assumed to be involved in nutrient supply for germ cell development. Morphologically, the sperm nucleus and acrosome of this species are ovoid and conical in shape, respectively. The acrosomal vesicle, which is formed by two kinds of electron-dense or lucent materials, appears from the base to the tip: a thick and slender elliptical line, which is composed of electron-dense opaque material, appears along the outer part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle from the base to the tip, whereas the inner part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle is composed of electron-lucent material in the acrosomal vesicle. Two special characteristics, which are found in the acrosomal vesicle of A. () in Pinnidae (subclass Pteriomorphia), can be employed for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The spermatozoa were approximately in length, including a sperm nucleus (about in length), an acrosome (about in length), and a tail flagellum (about ). The axoneme of the sperm tail evidences a 9+2 structure.

Spermatogenesis and taxonomic values of mature sperm morphology of in male Septifer (Mytilisepta) virgatus were investigated by transmission electron microscope observations. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus and the acrosome of this species are the cylinder shape and cone shape, respectively. Spermatozoa are approximately 45-50 in length including a sperm nucleus (about 1.26 long), an acrosome (about 0.99 long), and tail flagellum (about 45-47 ). Several electron-dense proacrosomal vesicles become later the definitive acrosomal vesicle by the fusion of several Golgi-derived vesicles. The acrosome of this species has two regions of differing electron density: there is a thin, outer electron-dense opaque region (part) at the anterior end, behind which is a thicker, more electron-lucent region (part). In genus Septifer in Mytilidae, an axial rod does not find and also a mid-central line hole does not appear in the sperm nucleus. However, in genus Mytilus in Mytilidae, in subclass Pteriomorphia, an axial rod and a mid-central line hole appeared in the sperm nucleus. These morphological differences of the acrosome and sperm nucleus between the genuses Septifer and Mytilus can be used for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are five, as seen in subclass Pteriomorphia.

한국산 개미취속(Aster) 및 근연의 17분류군을 대상으로 잎의 외부형태학적 형질 및 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 해부학적 형질을 조사하여 이들의 분류학적 가치를 파악하였다. 잎의 외부형태학적 형질에서 엽형은 타원형, 주걱형, 피침형, 선형, 난상삼각형의 5유형으로 동일분류군내에서는 일정하였으며, 분류군간에는 몇가지 유형으로 뚜렷히 구분되었으므로 분류군의 식별형질로 유용하였다. 엽연의 거치는 전연, 예거치, 치아상거치, 결각상거치의 4유형으로 구분되었으나 일부 분류군들에서 개체간에 변이가 나타나므로 이들 식별형질로는 선별적으로 적용되어야 할 것으로 사료되었다. 해부학적형질에서 표피세포의 크기와 형태, 기공의 크기와 단위면적당 분포수, 표면의 cuticle 침적양상은 분류군 간에 뚜렷한 차이점을 보이지 않으나, 기공의 표면존재여부, 기공의 크기, 단위면적당 기공의 분포수, 표피세포의 크기에 의해 일부 분류군들이 구분되었다. 모용은 형태와 모용표면의 무늬양상 및 구성세포의 배열 등에 의해 단열성 과립상 원추형, 단열성 평활상 원추형, 단열성 평활상 사상형, 구형, 2열성 낭상 두상형의 5유형으로 구분되었으며, 동일분류군내에서 다양한 생육환경에도 불구하고 기본적인 형태가 동일함으로 좋은 식별 형질로 판단되었다.