본 논문은 초등학교 한자교육의 중심을 어휘 교육으로 파악하고 초등학교 어휘 교육 과정에 필요한 字數(즉 字量)와 字種(즉 한자의 종류)을 제안하는 것을 중심 목표로 삼는다.
필자의 기존 연구 「초등학교 한자교육에 필요한 적정 한자 수 및 한자 선정에 대한 검토」에서는 김한샘(2009)과 ㈜낱말 어휘 정보처리 연구소의 데이터 등을 추가적으로 활용하여 ‘초등학교용 교육용 한자’의 선정안을 제시하였다. 구체 논의 과정에서는 초등학교 교과서라는 말뭉치, 등급별 어휘라는 어휘 평정, 조어력, 전문가의 판단 등을 고려해 초등학교 한자교육에 필요한 적정 한자 수 및 한자 선정에 대한 논의를 펼쳤다. 이 중 ‘초등학교 교과서’라는 말뭉치는 그동안 단순 빈도의 측면에서만 이용되었던 것이고, 등급별 어휘와 조어력은 초등학교 교육용 적정 한자 수 선정 시 학계에 처음으로 고려된 것이다.
기존 연구가 이상의 성과가 있었지만 여전히 한계가 있었다. 그것은 바로 초등학교 한자 교과서를 연구 범위에 포함하지 않음으로써 실제 교육 현장을 중시하지 못했다는 점이다. 이번 연구는 현행 초등학교 한자 교과서 중 6권으로 구성된, 8종을 대상으로 연구를 진행함으로써 기존의 연구를 보완, 확대하고자 하였다. 그 결과 초등학교 한자교육에 기본적으로 필요한 548자를 선정하여 그 목록을 제시하였고 아울러 어휘 교육에서 요긴하게 활용될 수 있는 조어력이 높은 한자 75자를 추가하였다. 이상의 623자가 향후 초등학교 한자 교육에 있어 일정한 참고가 되기를 바라며, 추후 학계의 보완 연구가 진행되기를 기대한다.
Chinese Character studies have mainly been focused on four areas: orthography, phonology, meaning, and character frequency. To add a new dimension to the existing approaches, this paper will provide and examine a quantitative data about the range of the vocabulary in Chinese character dictionaries. As a promising new method, the new approach, both diachronic and dynamic, will be very useful in exploring changing aspects of Chinese Characters usage, compared with the existing synchronic and static approaches.
This paper aims to provide analysis of all Chinese Characters included in Chŏnun-okp'yŏn, the most authoritative dictionary of Joseon dynasty published in 1805 meaning ‘Chinese Rhyme Dictionary’, and in Sinjajeon, meaning ‘New Dictionary of Chinese Characters’ published in 1915, to explain their changing aspects in the entries of two dictionaries, and then to show how social change affected the use of Chinese Characters in early twentieth-century Korea.
To that end, I construct the database of the two dictionaries on the basis of a detailed analysis of all the characters with respect to the radicals, strokes, components, and structures of these characters, which shows that Chŏnun-okp'yŏn includes 10,997 Chinese characters and Sinjajeon contains 13,348 characters with 13,084 in the body text and 264 in three appendices. 2,114 characters were newly inserted and 7 characters were removed in the body text of Sinjaeon.
In particular, the number of the radical headings containing more than 20 newly inserted characters are 35, with 1,624 new characters in total, accounting for 77.1% of the total. The total number of radical headings including more than 30% newly inserted characters are 26. In addition, the number of radical headings containing more than 10 newly inserted characters with a growth rate of more than 20% is 903, accounting for 43% of the total number of characters. Based on these data, modern Koreans appears to have a wider vocabulary consisted of Chinese characters.
The number of characters under the radicals meaning animal and plant ( 犬 (dog), 牛 (cow), 肉 (meat), 木 (tree), 米 (rice), 禾 (pine), 田 (farmland), 虫 (insect) etc.), those meaning mineral (石 (stone), 玉 (jade), etc), those meaning industrial products (皮 (leather), 巾 (towel) ect.), those meaning pathology (疒 (illness), 歹 (broken bones), etc.), increased quite a bit, the words reflecting newly emerged phenomena of industrialization or modernization in the early 20th century. In addition, it can be pointed out that the words used for spoken Chinese newly appears in Sinjaeon.
The lexical decision (LD) task requires participants to response with speeded and accurate actions, which makes the process of identifying a word automatic without labor and therefore probably reflects the similar word identification process in natural reading. With manipulating the presentation duration of target words, the LD task allows the early visual orthographic processing to be involved. In the current study, we recruited the lexical decision (LD) task to probe the possible pattern difference in perceiving Chinese characters by the young adult skilled Hong Kong traditional Chinese character (HKC) readers and the Mainland China simplified Chinese character (MLC) readers. The first part of stimuli consisted of 20 real simplified Chinese characters and 20 real traditional Chinese characters, which differed significantly in their stroke numbers and covered both the left‐right (LF) and top‐bottom (TB) structure. The second part of stimuli were pseudo characters, constructed based on the 40 real Chinese characters by rearranging the left and right parts or the top and bottom parts of them. These stimuli were presented on the computer screen with manipulating its presentation duration and adding a mask behind each target stimulus. Results revealed an intriguing trend in the correct RTs (reaction times) for both real characters and pseudo characters that the MLC simplified character readers’ RTs tended to be longer with the increase of stroke numbers in characters, while the HKC traditional character readers showed an opposite pattern, that is, their RTs tending to be shorter with the increase of stroke numbers in characters. These results firstly suggested that the number of strokes probably plays opposite roles in the MLC and HKC participants’ perception of characters. The results further implied that the MLC and HKC participants probably use stroke numbers, even component numbers (constructed by strokes) or some other information which reflects the structure and visual spatial features of characters in different ways in their perception or recognition of characters.