Rainfall infiltration velocity into the surface of the earth is influenced by time sequential change of the urban surface spatial structure following urban expansion, and is the key factor in determining runoff discharge. In this regard, a comprehensive assessment and understanding of surface runoff associated with land cover change, as well as the changed structure of the landscape, is required to establish landscape planning. Sustainable development, planning and maintenance of the green space inside the city, based on results of the above, are a fundamental countermeasure for relieving fragmentation of the urban green space and increasing urban flood damage, directly or indirectly. In this study, we conducted analysis of landscape structure and change of Surface Runoff Reduction Capacity (SRRC) using the land cover maps from 1975 to 2000 at the lower reaches of the Jungrang stream (LRJS). The results are expected to provide baseline data for sustainable landscape planning that is ecologically healthy and can improve SRRC during torrential rains. The results of this study are as follows. Analysis of the results showed that land cover type underwent a remarkable change in terms of the total area of farm and urban types from 1975 to 2000. The total area of farm decreased by approximately 27.05% during the 25 years, while that of urban increased by approximately 25.61%. In this regard, the results of the landscape structure assessment using FRAGSTATS showed reciprocal tendencies, which intensified fragmentation of the landscape, as measured by all 6 of the selected factors, including LPI, NP, PD, LSI, AI and PLADJ. The Runoff Curve Number (CN) value steadily increased in the results of the time series landscape change assessment of the SRRC from 1975 to 2000. Based on analysis of the changed area associated with SRRC classes, the high SRRC class 1 area showed a steady decrease in accordance with the progression of the time series land use change associated with urban development.

목 적: 백내장 유병률 변화와 예측을 통해 백내장의 위험성과 관리 및 예방의 중요성을 알리고자 한다. 방 법: 2008년에서부터 2012년까지 최근 5년간 보건복지부 산하 질병관리본부가 시행하여 발표한 국민건강영양조사 자료를 통계 분석하였다. 결 과: 연령별 백내장의 유병률은 40-49세 11.1%, 50-59세 35.7%, 60-69세 71.8%, 그리고 70세 이상에서는 94.2%로 나이가 증가함에 따라 유병률이 증가하였으며(p=0.00), 특히 남성 50-59세 연령층의 경우 2008년 35.7%에서 2012년 48.2%로 5년 동안 13.0%의 백내장 유병률이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 지역별 백내장 유병률은 동 지역에서는 39.5%와 읍 지역에서는 51.1%로(p=0.00), 소득별 백내장의 유병률은 최하위 소득군 43.1%, 중하위 42.9%, 중상위 41.6% 그리고 최상위 40.7%를 각각 나타내었다. 결 론: 65세를 넘어가면 남성과 여성간의 백내장 유병률의 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p=0.02). 그러나 그 차이는 계속 줄어들고 있으며 그것은 특히 50대 남성 백내장 유병률의 가파른 증가와 연관이 있음을 알 수 있다.

2009년 4월부터 2011년 4월까지 주 1회의 주기적인 간격으로 DGPS를 이용하여 경포해수욕장 해안선의 월 별, 계절별 위치변화를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 경포해수욕장을 12개의 구간으로 구분하였으며 구간별 해안선 위 치 변화 파악하였다. 경포해수욕장 해안선의 전체적인 변화 경향은 여름(겨울)에 해안선이 바다(육지)쪽으로 이동하 는 반면, 남측과 북측의 구간별 변화 경향은 서로 다르게 나타났다. 해안선의 남측 구간은 여름(겨울)에는 바다(육 지)쪽으로 이동하는 경향이 우세한 반면, 북측 구간은 여름(겨울)에 육지(바다)쪽으로 이동하는 구간, 지속적으로 해 안선이 육지쪽으로 이동하는 구간, 뚜렷한 변화 경향 없이 일정하게 유지되는 구간 등 3가지의 유형으로 구분이 된 다. 해안선의 총 길이는 여름에 짧아지고 겨울에 최대가 된다.

This study was undertaken to find out national level changes in area, production and yield of two major staple crops wheat and potato in Bangladesh. The time series of secondary data was collected from yearbook of agricultural statistics under Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and used for the statistical analysis during the thirty-year period of 1989/90-2018/19. Moreover, selected data were divided into two groups and regarded as segment (1989/90-2003/04, 2005/06-2018/19) to examine the significant level in each crop. The results of different statistical techniques showed that wheat cultivated area and production were satisfactory level but yield was not too much standard in context of country demand. In the case of potato, yield as well as cultivated area and production were crossed the significant level and fulfilled the demand of population. In recent few years, the ratio of potato production rapidly increased, compared with the cultivation area. Based on segment (period) analysis, at the first half wheat production was always below, compared with the area but second half nine years saw slightly improved. On the other hand, in both segment potato growth rate in area, production and yield were increased throughout the study period. The highest instability was also shown in area, production and yield of potato during whole as well as segmented period. There was always a positive relationship between country’s demand and supply. Both wheat and potato are considered as staple crops and based on the productive capability over cultivated area, potato showed the higher productivity for the country of Bangladesh. In consequences, potato consuming demand also rapidly increased all over the country, compared with past respectively.

At riverbank filtration sites, groundwater levels of alluvial aquifers near rivers are sensitive to variation in river discharge and pumping quantities. In this study, the groundwater level fluctuation, pumping quantity, and streamflow rate at the site of a riverbank filtration plant, which produces drinking water, in the lower Nakdong River basin, South Korea were interrelated. The relationship between drawdown ratio and river discharge was very strong with a correlation coefficient of 0.96, showing a greater drawdown ratio in the wet season than in the dry season. Autocorrelation and cross-correlation were carried out to characterize groundwater level fluctuation. Autoregressive model analysis of groundwater water level fluctuation led to efficient estimation and prediction of pumping for riverbank filtration in relation to river discharge rates, using simple inputs of river discharge and pumping data, without the need for numerical models that require data regarding several aquifer properties and hydrologic parameters.

There is a need to analyze unconfined groundwater behavior since the demand of groundwater use has been increasing. While unconfined groundwater temperature is tend to be affected by air temperature, it is hard to find an empirical study in South Korea. In this research, we try to determine the relationship between daily average air temperature and daily average groundwater temperature by time-sequential analysis of groundwater monitoring wells in Galshin basin in Yesan-Gun, Chungcheongnam-Do. In addition, models to estimate groundwater temperature from air temperature were developed. In this research 101-day moving average method with measured air temperature is used to estimate groundwater temperature. To verify the developed model, estimated values of average groundwater temperature with 101 moving average are compared to the measured data from September 10 2007 to September 9 2008. And, Nash-Stucliff Efficiency and Coefficient of Determination were 0.970 and 0.976, therefore it was concluded that the model allowing groundwater temperature estimation from air temperature is with reasonable applicability.

Time-series change in Gyeongpo beach shoreline was illustrated using DGPS(Differential Global Positioning System, resolution < 0.6m) observation from April, 2009 to April, 2010. The shoreline was subdivided into 12 areas, and westward and eastward movement of shoreline position at each area was calculated. In general, the shoreline moved toward sea during summer, and it moved toward land during winter. The southern and northern part of the shoreline had different pattern in time-series. The shoreline in the southern part moved toward sea during summer and moved toward land during winter, but time-series pattern of the shoreline in the northern part was more complicated than that in the southern part. Pattern of time-series change in the northern part was made up of three different types; the first is that the shoreline moves continuously toward land, and the second thing is that the shoreline's movement is the opposite to the southern part, and the third thing is that the shoreline maintains a state of equilibrium without any great fluctuation. The total length of the shoreline was the largest during winter and the smallest during summer. In general, time-series change in the shoreline had positive(+) relationship with sea surface pressure and wind speed.