This case report describes satisfactory correction of deep and large canine corneal ulcerations by application of bidirectional corneo-conjunctival transposition (CCT). A 12-year-old spayed female Maltese dog with a large corneal descemetocele, perforation, and blepharospasm of the right eye was referred to Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. More than half of the thickness of the cornea was damaged, and the ulcer was progressive. On ophthalmic examination, menace response and dazzle reflex were absent. No corneal melting was observed. As the patient had large and deep corneal ulcers, traditional one-sided CCT was not sufficient to cover the wound lesion. To increase corneal transparency after recovery, we decided to perform bidirectional CCT from 12 o’ clock on the dorsal side to 7 o’ clock on the ventral side. The dog was medicated with topical eye drops, ofloxacin, atropine, and moxifloxacin before surgery. Debridement with a diamond burr was then performed around the descemetocele. Five weeks after surgery, the dazzle reflex was restored as the blood vessel receded from the cornea to the conjunctiva. Eight weeks after surgery, corneal transparency and corneal stability were gradually restored, but not completely. Bidirectional CCT provides structural support and helps corneal wound healing in large canine corneal ulceration.

The rapid growth of translation studies has made remarkable progress in the old ‘literal vs. free’ translation debate. Now it is clear that a literal translation is not so accurate and faithful to the source text, and such concepts should be replaced by more precisely defined terms. In Korea, translation has been relegated to language learning, and a literal translation is still recommended in order to focus on the source language, although it is not possible to translate a totally different Indo-European language following closely the form of it. Furthermore, literary style, so common and frequent in any Indo-European language, aggravates the difficulties, because literal translation of a source language written in literary style usually distorts Korean language and leads to misunderstand correct meanings of the source language. In this paper, I have attempted to expose the problems of literal translation and to make rules of translating Spanish into Korean by using mainly ‘transposition’ and ‘modulation’, terms developed by Vinay and Darbelnet(1958). I hope to apply such rules to the education of Spanish or other foreign languages.