It is a true fact that the ancient Buddhist temples of Korea were great, important historical influence revealing the transition and developing stages of all the BUddhist temples in Eastern Asia including China and Japan. Before Mahayana arose within India, the monastery and pagoda were united during the conflict and development of the original Buddhism and pagoda faith. With the arising of Mahayana and the introduction of Buddhist statues, the Buddhist temple and pagoda were in conflict and resulted in separation. With the creation and development of the Mahayana Bodhisattva concept, Hinayana and Mahayana started to show doctrine differences and expressed each others' characteristics relevant to the structure of the temple. As a result, the Buddhist Temple having 1 pagoda spread in China together with Hinayana and Mahayana. The Buddhist temple of Hinayana had its temple and pagoda separated and the Buddhist temple that has a pagoda in front was divided into a form of 1 pagoda and 1 main temple. The temple and pagoda for Mahayana in the form of 1 pagoda and 2 temple, where the main statue of the Buddha may be worshipped from both the left and right hand sides, were separated in the form of 1 pagoda and 3 temples to have its original form again. Mahayana was first introduced into Goguryeo through the routes in the northern region and developed from having 1 pagoda and 2 temples, to having 1 pagoda and 3 temples. China was influenced by the southern regions, which is why Abhidharma was introduced into Baekje. Later on, the importance of Bodhisattva increased and the transition speed of the Buddhist temple having 1 pagoda and 3 temples accelerated, as Buddhism became more popular and as Mahayana flourished. The statue of the Buddha on both sides of the pagoda shall gradually move next to the central temple , and the temple shall form large crowds to not only form a tacit boundary with the pagoda but the expansion of Bodhisattva shall also have a wall or a corridor constructed in between the central, left and right hand side temples to form separate areas, and shall have a pagoda built in front of the temples that worship from both sides. In conclusion, independence shall exist among each Bodhisattva within the Buddhist temple, and the status of the pagoda shall fall and appear as the pagoda on both sides in front of the main Buddha statue.

Born in London, Samuel Palmer (1805~1881) was the son of a bookseller. Aprecocious artist, he exhibited his work at the Royal Academy of Arts at the age offourteen, and executed a series of canonical “visionary”paintings before reachingthirty.In 1825, Palmer organized “the Ancients”, as they called themselves, a group ofadmirers of William Blake(1757~1827) that included Edward Calvert(1799~1883)and George Richmond(1809~1896), with whom Palmer painted the Englishcountryside in the Kent village of Shoreham, a small town thirty miles from London.It was during this prolific period in Palmer’s early career that Blake’s bucolicvision, as exemplified in his illustrations for Dr. Robert John Thornton’s Pastoralsof Virgil(1821) and his own Book of Job, deeply affected the young Palmer.Although the Ancients had several predecessors on the Continent, it was the firstartistic community established in nineteenth century England. Palmer’s Shorehamperiod saw his greatest achievements as an artist.Palmer was largely overlooked for forty years after his death, until the 1920s,when the British art world paid new attention to Palmer and the Ancients. Just as theRomantics had turned their attention to Gothic and Medieval art, the Neo-romanticsfound an interest in the Ancients. Blake and Palmer had created an English Arcadiathat inspired the artists of the early twentieth century who sought escape from thedevastation of the Great War.With their communal spirit and revival of medieval art, the Ancients anticipatedthe Pre-Raphaelites of the Victorian era. They deserve a place in British art historyas their influence may be seen in Neo-romanticism and even in contemporary art.

In this study, we investigate the changes in the equatorial lodge degrees and polar distance degrees of determinative stars in the ancient Chinese archives. Confirmed is the fact that the coordinate values of those determinative stars defined in B.C. 104 had been used until the 8th century but were modified by the observations of Li Chunfeng (李淳風) in the early 7th century and Yixing (一行) in 723 A.D. The results of this study are compared with those in History of Chinese Astronomical Observations of Pan Nai. By applying the results of comtemporary astrodynamical calculations, their reliability is checked, and the corrected catalogues of Shi Shi (石氏) and Yixing are provided. The positional accuracy of those observations is estimated to be one degree.

The purpose of this study was to review what sport meant in Greece which did great role for making modern society basis and to find what could be achieved from sports by studying ancient Greek pottery. That is, we tried to find what kind of entries existe

The great classic Chinese ancient novel, The Heroes Of The Marshes(The Water Margin), was constructed to be a man’s world (of “one hundred and eight” there would be only three females). These rough and rugged but bold men had composed a sharp song of soul-stirring history of movement, through which the “bloody” and “virtue” of man being sounded, expressed the essence of life force. They were like mountains side by side seated that did not bend down but shaped the meandering picture by composed the magnificence of mountains, showing the existence of the earth world. Their literary characteristics should testify and refresh the classical literature meanings of the aesthetic imago of mountain.

동아시아의 역사는 대륙과 한반도와 해양을 하나의 유기적인 시스템 속에서 파악해야 한다. 필자는 ‘터와 다핵(field & multi core) 이론’과 해륙사관을 주장했다. 고대 동아시아에서 형성된 문명은 북방, 중화(중국), 동방문명으로 구분된다. 그리고 동방문명은 대륙과 한반도 해양이 하나의 유기체로서 완결구조를 지닌다. 이른바 ‘동아지중해(EastAsian-mediterranean-sea)’이다. 동아지중해는 황해 남해 동중 국해 동해, 그리고 타타르해협으로 구성되어 있다. 우리와 문화적으로 종족적으로 연관성을 지닌 연해주 일대, 동해북부와 타타르해협, 오호츠크해, 사할린 등을 포함하여 ‘東海文化圈’으로 설정한바 있다. 동해에는 선사시대부터 다양한 항로가 개발되어 사용되고 있었다. 첫 번째, 동해의 해안을 남북으로 항해하는 ‘동해연근해 항로’이다. 두 번째, 연해주의 해안에서 타타르해협을 항해하여 일본열도의 홋카이도와 사할린지역으로 도착하는 ‘연해주 항로’이다. 연해주 항로는 북부항로와 남부항로의 2 종류가 있다. 연해주의 북부에서 사할린까지는 불과 2,5km에 불과하다. 연해주 남부에서는 봄·여름에 남서풍을 활용하여 항해가 가능하다. 읍루(물길 말갈 여진) 부여 고구려 북옥저 동옥저 동예 등은 연해주 항로를 사용했을 것으로 추정한다. 세 번째, 동해북부를 횡단 또는 사단하여 일본열도에 도착하는 ‘동해북부항로’ 이다. 高句麗 沃沮(남옥저 북옥저 동옥저),東濊, 挹婁, 渤海 그리고 후대에 女眞人들이 사용하였다. 특히 발해사신들이 초기에 주로 사용하였다. 동해북부항로는 동아지중해에서 가장 어려운 항로였으며, 그 항로 가운데에 울릉도와 독도가 존재했다. 앞으로 울릉도와 독도 또는 우산국의 존재와 의미는 동아시아 해양문화 전체 속에서 파악하는 작업이 필요하다. 그밖에 ‘동해종단 항로’가 있다.

The great Chinese ancient novel, The Great Mansion, is a story of the daughters who were regarded as water and of the boy who was the guy regarded them as water. It is also a story implicated the pure beginning alike water of life and the clean ending alike snow of it. As a central concept in Chinese ancient literature, Water becomes an imago which represents the features of beauty and meanings of life.

It has been considered that 'exhausted eclipses' (日食旣) were total eclipses. However, modern precise calculations show that a significant fraction of such records are not realized to be total. Thus we doubt that the two concepts are equivalent. Here we investigate the meaning of 'exhausted eclipses' in the east-Asian history. We first find that eclipses of magnitude greater than 0.8 were regarded as 'exhausted eclipses' by a Korean astronomer of the 18th-century Choson dynasty. His notion was based upon the definition of 'exhausted eclipses' in the ephemerides of pre-modern Chinese dynasties. According to those ephemerides, the 'exhausted eclipses', whose magnitude is greater than 0.8, have the first contact at the western part of the solar disk and the fourth contact at the eastern part of the solar disk. A simple geometrical calculation shows that such cases really occur when the magnitude of eclipse is greater than 0.7. We pointed out that such an ancient definition might not be impractical for ancient astronomers, because the uncertainty of eclipse magnitude estimated by ancient Chinese ephemerides was 10% and the human sight has a spatial resolution of 1.2 arcmin, which is approximately one twentieth of the Sun's angular diameter.

During the excavation to find ancient rice seeds from the peat layer (12,500-14,800 bp based on 14 dating samples) of Soro-ri, Cheongwon-gun near Cheongju city, we found not only old rice seeds, but also other organic materials including insect fossil skeletons. Although no complete specimen was found in this study, some body parts were diagnotic enough for identifying species. Among the identified insect fossils, two species were successfully identified based on their characteristic forewing morphologies, e.g., cross-ridges on forewing. The two identified species, Plateumaris sericea and Donacia flemola or near, belong to Donaciinae in Chrysomelidae, and their larvae are known to feed on the root of wetland plants, mainly in Poaceae or Cyperaceae. Such finding proved that a wetland environment was maintained in Soro-ri at that time, and was suitable for such insects to survive. Therefore, evidence from the fossilized rice seeds, together with these insect fossils, clearly proved that the environment at that time was suitable for rice, a common Poaceae species, growing.

중국은 자고로 禮儀의 나라라고 하며, 禮는 즉 존경하는 것, 바로 타인에 대한 공경함을 말하다. 많은 사람들은 중국어에 존경을 나타내는 말이 존재하지 않은 다고 한다. 하지만 실제 중국어에는 존경을 나타내는 많은 언어들이 있다. 뿐만 아니라 그 역사 또한 유구하다. 물론 존경을 나타내는 언어는 대화 중 경의를 나타내는 언어들을 말한다. 그중 빠질 수 없는 부분이 바로 존칭어이다. 또한 존칭어는 반드시 형성요인과 과정이 존재 한다. 본 논문은 경의를 나타내는 존칭어의 형성요인과 과정에 대해 연구하였다. 존칭어의 형성요인이 주로 신에 대한 경배에서 시작되고 국가의 형성에 따론 등급제도와 언어문자의 발전 및 유학의 흥기로 사람들 간의 관계 즉 아랫사람이 윗사람에게 존경으로 대하고, 비천한 자가 존귀한 자를 존경하며, 나이가 어린　자가 나이든 자에게 존경으로 대하는 것으로 발전하게 되었다. 또한 이런 관계에는 상대방에 대한 존경이 내재 되어야 함으로 존칭어를 사용하게 되었다. 또한 많은 존칭어들은 夏, 商, 周 및 秦, 漢대의 발전을 통해 지금까지 사용되고 있다.

We have analyzed the comet records in the Korean history books: Samguksagi, Goryeosa, and Joseonwangjosillok. For a comparison, the Chinese and Japanese comet records collected by Kronk (1999) have also been analyzed. Power spectrum of the time series of the comet records is used to find periodic comets. Statistically significant periodicities in the power spectrum are detected at the periods of 38-40 years, about 76 years, and 300-400 years for all Korean, Chinese, and Japanese comet records. We have also calculated the past orbits of some comets that have been recently observed, to check whether or not they were recorded in the history books. We use a multistep method to numerically integrate the comet's orbital motion backward in time to 51 B.C. The gravitational force due to the Sun and the nine planets, non-gravitational force, and the relativistic effects have been considered. Comparison of comet's perihelion passage time and the position on the sky with the historical records shows that the comet Halley were recorded at every passage in both Goryeo and Joseon periods. The orbital motion of the comet Pons-Brooks has also been compared with the Korean records. For the comet Tempel-Tuttle, Swift-Tuttle, and Ikeya-Zhang, we have compared our calculation of the orbital motions with those of the previous studies.

We have constructed a database of Korean historical astronomical records. The database contains observational data recorded from BC 2183 to AD 1910. We have also built a webpage for searching through the database based on the following criteria: (1) dynasties (2) astronomical phenomena (3) reigning kings (4) references (5) keywords. Users may select two or more dynasties to search through the database for a certain phenomena, and compare data with those of other dynasties. The queried data can be primarily sorted by one critetion, and secondarily sorted by another, each in ascending or descending order. The search results give dates both in Solar and Lunisolar calendars, years and dates in Sexagenary cycle, dynasties, reigning kings, astronomical phenomena, and references. The database and webpage were constructed under the research project of the Korean Astronomical Data Center (KADC, http://kadc.kao.re.kr) in Korea Astronomy Observatory (KAO).