The great classic Chinese ancient novel, The Heroes Of The Marshes(The Water Margin), was constructed to be a man’s world (of “one hundred and eight” there would be only three females). These rough and rugged but bold men had composed a sharp song of soul-stirring history of movement, through which the “bloody” and “virtue” of man being sounded, expressed the essence of life force. They were like mountains side by side seated that did not bend down but shaped the meandering picture by composed the magnificence of mountains, showing the existence of the earth world. Their literary characteristics should testify and refresh the classical literature meanings of the aesthetic imago of mountain.

동아시아의 역사는 대륙과 한반도와 해양을 하나의 유기적인 시스템 속에서 파악해야 한다. 필자는 ‘터와 다핵(field & multi core) 이론’과 해륙사관을 주장했다. 고대 동아시아에서 형성된 문명은 북방, 중화(중국), 동방문명으로 구분된다. 그리고 동방문명은 대륙과 한반도 해양이 하나의 유기체로서 완결구조를 지닌다. 이른바 ‘동아지중해(EastAsian-mediterranean-sea)’이다. 동아지중해는 황해 남해 동중 국해 동해, 그리고 타타르해협으로 구성되어 있다. 우리와 문화적으로 종족적으로 연관성을 지닌 연해주 일대, 동해북부와 타타르해협, 오호츠크해, 사할린 등을 포함하여 ‘東海文化圈’으로 설정한바 있다. 동해에는 선사시대부터 다양한 항로가 개발되어 사용되고 있었다. 첫 번째, 동해의 해안을 남북으로 항해하는 ‘동해연근해 항로’이다. 두 번째, 연해주의 해안에서 타타르해협을 항해하여 일본열도의 홋카이도와 사할린지역으로 도착하는 ‘연해주 항로’이다. 연해주 항로는 북부항로와 남부항로의 2 종류가 있다. 연해주의 북부에서 사할린까지는 불과 2,5km에 불과하다. 연해주 남부에서는 봄·여름에 남서풍을 활용하여 항해가 가능하다. 읍루(물길 말갈 여진) 부여 고구려 북옥저 동옥저 동예 등은 연해주 항로를 사용했을 것으로 추정한다. 세 번째, 동해북부를 횡단 또는 사단하여 일본열도에 도착하는 ‘동해북부항로’ 이다. 高句麗 沃沮(남옥저 북옥저 동옥저),東濊, 挹婁, 渤海 그리고 후대에 女眞人들이 사용하였다. 특히 발해사신들이 초기에 주로 사용하였다. 동해북부항로는 동아지중해에서 가장 어려운 항로였으며, 그 항로 가운데에 울릉도와 독도가 존재했다. 앞으로 울릉도와 독도 또는 우산국의 존재와 의미는 동아시아 해양문화 전체 속에서 파악하는 작업이 필요하다. 그밖에 ‘동해종단 항로’가 있다.

The great Chinese ancient novel, The Great Mansion, is a story of the daughters who were regarded as water and of the boy who was the guy regarded them as water. It is also a story implicated the pure beginning alike water of life and the clean ending alike snow of it. As a central concept in Chinese ancient literature, Water becomes an imago which represents the features of beauty and meanings of life.

It has been considered that 'exhausted eclipses' (日食旣) were total eclipses. However, modern precise calculations show that a significant fraction of such records are not realized to be total. Thus we doubt that the two concepts are equivalent. Here we investigate the meaning of 'exhausted eclipses' in the east-Asian history. We first find that eclipses of magnitude greater than 0.8 were regarded as 'exhausted eclipses' by a Korean astronomer of the 18th-century Choson dynasty. His notion was based upon the definition of 'exhausted eclipses' in the ephemerides of pre-modern Chinese dynasties. According to those ephemerides, the 'exhausted eclipses', whose magnitude is greater than 0.8, have the first contact at the western part of the solar disk and the fourth contact at the eastern part of the solar disk. A simple geometrical calculation shows that such cases really occur when the magnitude of eclipse is greater than 0.7. We pointed out that such an ancient definition might not be impractical for ancient astronomers, because the uncertainty of eclipse magnitude estimated by ancient Chinese ephemerides was 10% and the human sight has a spatial resolution of 1.2 arcmin, which is approximately one twentieth of the Sun's angular diameter.

During the excavation to find ancient rice seeds from the peat layer (12,500-14,800 bp based on 14 dating samples) of Soro-ri, Cheongwon-gun near Cheongju city, we found not only old rice seeds, but also other organic materials including insect fossil skeletons. Although no complete specimen was found in this study, some body parts were diagnotic enough for identifying species. Among the identified insect fossils, two species were successfully identified based on their characteristic forewing morphologies, e.g., cross-ridges on forewing. The two identified species, Plateumaris sericea and Donacia flemola or near, belong to Donaciinae in Chrysomelidae, and their larvae are known to feed on the root of wetland plants, mainly in Poaceae or Cyperaceae. Such finding proved that a wetland environment was maintained in Soro-ri at that time, and was suitable for such insects to survive. Therefore, evidence from the fossilized rice seeds, together with these insect fossils, clearly proved that the environment at that time was suitable for rice, a common Poaceae species, growing.

중국은 자고로 禮儀의 나라라고 하며, 禮는 즉 존경하는 것, 바로 타인에 대한 공경함을 말하다. 많은 사람들은 중국어에 존경을 나타내는 말이 존재하지 않은 다고 한다. 하지만 실제 중국어에는 존경을 나타내는 많은 언어들이 있다. 뿐만 아니라 그 역사 또한 유구하다. 물론 존경을 나타내는 언어는 대화 중 경의를 나타내는 언어들을 말한다. 그중 빠질 수 없는 부분이 바로 존칭어이다. 또한 존칭어는 반드시 형성요인과 과정이 존재 한다. 본 논문은 경의를 나타내는 존칭어의 형성요인과 과정에 대해 연구하였다. 존칭어의 형성요인이 주로 신에 대한 경배에서 시작되고 국가의 형성에 따론 등급제도와 언어문자의 발전 및 유학의 흥기로 사람들 간의 관계 즉 아랫사람이 윗사람에게 존경으로 대하고, 비천한 자가 존귀한 자를 존경하며, 나이가 어린　자가 나이든 자에게 존경으로 대하는 것으로 발전하게 되었다. 또한 이런 관계에는 상대방에 대한 존경이 내재 되어야 함으로 존칭어를 사용하게 되었다. 또한 많은 존칭어들은 夏, 商, 周 및 秦, 漢대의 발전을 통해 지금까지 사용되고 있다.

We have analyzed the comet records in the Korean history books: Samguksagi, Goryeosa, and Joseonwangjosillok. For a comparison, the Chinese and Japanese comet records collected by Kronk (1999) have also been analyzed. Power spectrum of the time series of the comet records is used to find periodic comets. Statistically significant periodicities in the power spectrum are detected at the periods of 38-40 years, about 76 years, and 300-400 years for all Korean, Chinese, and Japanese comet records. We have also calculated the past orbits of some comets that have been recently observed, to check whether or not they were recorded in the history books. We use a multistep method to numerically integrate the comet's orbital motion backward in time to 51 B.C. The gravitational force due to the Sun and the nine planets, non-gravitational force, and the relativistic effects have been considered. Comparison of comet's perihelion passage time and the position on the sky with the historical records shows that the comet Halley were recorded at every passage in both Goryeo and Joseon periods. The orbital motion of the comet Pons-Brooks has also been compared with the Korean records. For the comet Tempel-Tuttle, Swift-Tuttle, and Ikeya-Zhang, we have compared our calculation of the orbital motions with those of the previous studies.

Whereas the composition exists generally in written musical notation, the improvisation is caused by spontaneous process of making music with unfixed notes or without any notation. There is no doubt that the earlier the age was, the less notation system was developed and improvisation was practiced more. Ancient music historically covers the music from the invention of letters until the medieval times and regionally the music from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Israel and Greece. The music of each region had different musical characteristics but the tendency of improvisation was common according to the historical reconstruction. It would be well-matched for the brilliant lyre with a bull head from Mesopotamia to accompany the Epic of Gilgamesh. It is difficult to reconstruct the ancient Egypt music because the text material of the music is insufficient. The reconstructed instrument could bring the sound of the instrument and it often makes the pseudo-music, which comes from the imagination of composers or scholars. Many improvised Israelite songs are orally transmitted. One of the famous examples is Schema Israel, which reflects their religious confession. In comparison to other ancient musics, the ancient Greek music remains the most generous archeological evidence. The reconstruction of the ancient Greek music depends on the systematical system but it is performed in improvised style as well.

We have constructed a database of Korean historical astronomical records. The database contains observational data recorded from BC 2183 to AD 1910. We have also built a webpage for searching through the database based on the following criteria: (1) dynasties (2) astronomical phenomena (3) reigning kings (4) references (5) keywords. Users may select two or more dynasties to search through the database for a certain phenomena, and compare data with those of other dynasties. The queried data can be primarily sorted by one critetion, and secondarily sorted by another, each in ascending or descending order. The search results give dates both in Solar and Lunisolar calendars, years and dates in Sexagenary cycle, dynasties, reigning kings, astronomical phenomena, and references. The database and webpage were constructed under the research project of the Korean Astronomical Data Center (KADC, http://kadc.kao.re.kr) in Korea Astronomy Observatory (KAO).

The main buildings of the important Buddhist temples - the pagoda, the Buddhist sanctum, the lecture hall - was surrounded by the cloister until Koryo Dynasty. And the Buddhist sanctum was located the center. It meant hat the Buddhist sanctum was important building. It is very important thing that we understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the unified space by the organic function of the interior space and the exterior space and the exterior space. But there is not so much the study on the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum. So, the purpose of this study is to understand of the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times. Till now, it was impossible that the buddhist monk or the General public entered the Buddhist sanctum in Ancient and Medieval Times because they regarded the Buddhist sanctum as the place of sacrosanctity and the floor was finished by brick. But, we saw that they could enter the Buddhist sanctum. Of course the floor of the Buddhist sanctum was finished by bricks, but they spread mats on the floor, took off his shoes in the interior space and used the furniture for sitting on. The plan of the Buddhist sanctum was designed by the process of the ceremony and the way of the enshrinement of the Buddhist statues because it is the place to enshrine the Buddhist statues. They performed the ceremony like as pray, worship, offer food to Buddha, HaengDo-an act to turn round as object of worship and so on in the interior space of the Buddhist sanctum.

A¨gypten hat wegen seiner eigenen Kulturscha¨tze aus Dreitausend jahrelange Geschichte sta¨ndig die Reisenden und Historiker bezaubert und deren Interesse erweckt. Doch solange das Schrifttum schweigt bis zur Entzifferung der Hieroglyphen,konnte die Geschichte A¨gyptens gar nicht wissenschaftlich wahrgenommen werden Die Rezeption der alta¨gyptischen Musilk in der Musikgeschichtsschreibung war nichtsoviel anders.Von einer wissenschaftlichen A¨gpytologie kann erst seit der Entzifferung der Hieroglyphenschrift durch Jean F. Champollion im Jahre 1822 gesprochen werden.Nach der Entstehung und Ausbreitung der vergleichenden Musikwissenschaft um diese Jahrhunderwende ermo¨glicht die intensive Forschungen u¨ber die a¨gyptische Musik Die Vertiefung der a¨gyptischen Musik ist erst bei Hans Hickmann gelungen.Besonders viel verdanken wir seinen Erforschungen, weil er wa¨hrend seines langja¨hrigen Aufenthalts in A¨gypten die Rekonstruktion der a¨gyptischen Musikkultur durch seine u¨ber 150 vero¨ffentlichen Schiften beitragen hat.Eine musikwissenschaftliche Untersuchung u¨ber die alta¨gyptische Musik bedeutetim engeren Sinne eine musikarcha¨ologische Untersuchung. Musikarcha¨ologie ist eine interdisziplina¨re Forschung, die auf Grundlage der Musikwissenschaft und Archa¨-ologie neue Kenntnisse zu gewinnen sucht. Musikarcha¨ologische Artefakte sind in erster Linie Musikinstrumente oder archa¨ologische Funde, auf denen Musikinstrumente be. deren Auffu¨hrungspraxis dargestellt sind. Als drittes Material sind die schriftlichen Texte zu nennen. Wie sich das Wissen u¨ber alta¨yptische Musik erweitern la¨-Bt,liegt in der Hand der Musikarcha¨logie selbst, die aus der Perspektive der A¨-gyptologie und interdisziplina¨ren Forschung gefo¨rdert werden mu¨Bte.