Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous agricultural pest that damages about 80 species of plants. It mainly damages Poaceae and plants used as food resources for humans. Its original habitat is the American continent, but it unintentionally settled in tropical and subtropical Asia, including Africa, India, and Sri Lanka. It occurs every year even in southern China, which is geographically adjacent to the Korean Peninsula, causing damage to crops. In Korea, it was first discovered on Jeju Island in June 2019 and is being discovered every year in Jeju and some inland areas. In 2023, there were a total of 13 discoveries, including those in the Jeju and Jeonbuk regions. Quarantine agency identified the maternal genotypes of all currently discovered individuals using COI and identified differences in genetic traits between individuals using the sex-related Z-chromosome. For comparison with the information on the individuals that invaded the country, 15 individuals from Guangxi and Guangdong provinces in China were collected and secured. Through the analysis of overseas samples, a database has been added to compare genetic information with domestic invasive species, and the reliability of the analysis is expected to increase.

Parasitic rate of A. orientalis was calculated and compared with parasitic rate five years ago, immediately after release, and parasitic rate was also compared according to the distance away from the release point. In addition, haplotype of A. orientalis was confirmed and the association with life cycle characteristics was decided. The survey was conducted in 2022 and 2023. The parasitic rate of release point in Buyeo increased significantly from 3.6% in 18 years to 91.21% in 22. And the parasitic rate by distance from release point is 91.21% (200m), 44.46% (12km), and 65.75% (46km). At all points of survey, only haplotype C and D were found, and there was no significant difference between haplotype C and D in the parasitic rate and sex ratio.

돼지는 경제적으로 중요한 동물이며, 장기 이식용 동물들 중 인간의 장기와 크기 및 구조가 유사한 돼지에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 그 중 Major Histocompatibility Complex(MHC)는 돼지에서 SLA(Swine Leukocyte Antigen)이라 불리어지며, 이종장기 이식시 면역거부 반응에 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구는 돼지 SLA class Ⅲ 영역에 존재하는 다양한 SNP들의 haplotype을 추정하고, 이를 이용한 계통발생학적 분류와 LD block을 조사함으로써 SLA class Ⅲ 영역 내에 존재하는 많은 SNP들이 어떤 조합의 형태로 다음 세대로 전달되는 지를 규명하고자 실행하였다. SLA class Ⅲ 영역의 haplotype을 조사하기 위해 약 10 kb 간격으로 48개의 SNP들을 선발하였고, 8품종(총 111두)에서 111개의 haplotype을 확보하였다. Principal Component Analysis(PCA)를 수행한 결과 미니돼지는 독립적인 group을 형성하였으며, Large White, Landrace, Berkshire가 하나의 group을 형성하였다. 또한 한국 재래돼지와 Duroc, 한국 야생멧돼지와 Tongcheng pig가 각각 group으로 형성되었다. SLA class Ⅲ 영역에서 선발한 48개 SNP들의 LD를 추정한 결과 모든 품종에서 SNP들 사이의 LD block이 형성되지 않았다. 이는 haplotype이 고정되어 지지 않는 이유와 마찬가지로, SLA class Ⅲ 영역에 존재하는 SNP들이 면역 또는 질병과 연관되어 있어 같은 품종 내 에서도 다형성을 보이는 것으로 사료된다.

아메리카동애등에 (Hermetia illucens)와 동애등에 (Ptecticus tenebriefer)는 파 리목 동애등에과 (Family Stratiomyidae)에 속하는 곤충이다. 두종의 유충은 유기 물의 분해에 탁월한 능력을 가지고 있어서 환경 곤충으로 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 이 두 종의 미토콘드리아 CO1유전자의 haplotype의 다양성을 비교한 결과 도입 종인 아메리카동애등에의 haplotype은 10개로 매우 낮은 반면, 동애등에의 haplotype은 약 30개로 매우 높았다. 이러한 이유는 아메리카동애등에는 미국 원산으로 1990년대 말에 한국에서 도 입되었으며, 도입 과정 중 유전적 병목현상 (genetic bottleneck)을 겪은 것으로 생 각된다. 반면 동애등에는 국내 토착종으로서 국내 생태조건에 적응하여 진화한 결과로 외국에서 유입된 종 보다 매우 다양한 haplotype을 가지고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

국내 4개 지역으로부터 채집된 배추좀나방(Plutella xylostella)의 미토콘드리아 DNA중 COI 유전자 일부 (438 bp)의 염기서열을 결정, 유전적 다양도 및 유전자 이동정도를 파악함으로써 집단 유전적 구조 및 특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 총 21개체로부터 13개의 mtDNA haplotype을 얻었으며 이들의 변이는 0.3~1.4%로 다른 곤충을 대상으로 한 유사연구와 비슷한 크기를 나타내었으며 haplotype 다양도는 매우 높았다(평균 h=0.81). 지리적으로 먼 제주도의 개체군과 경남 김해 두 지역(11km 거리)의 개체군을 비교한 결과, 통계적으로 유의한 정도의 유전적 격리(p<0.05%)는 전혀 관찰되지 않았으며, 대신 상당한 정도의 세대당 암컷 이동률(Nm=2-30)을 보였다. 또한 GenBank에 등록된 하와이의 배추좀나방 haplotype은 본 연구에서 얻은 것들과 유전적으로 흡사하였다. 종합적으로, 국내 배추좀나방은 전체적으로는 많은 haplotype수에 기인한 적절한 크기의 유전적 분화율을 보유하고 있으며 국지적으로는 상당한 이동력에 의한 장거리 이동으로 개체군내 높은 haplotype 다양도를 보이며 동시에 지역간의 유전적 유사성을 나타낸다고 요약되었다.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a major agricultural crop widely used for providing human and animal food owing to its high protein and oil content. For this reason, they have been consumed in Asia and world greatly and demand is ever increasing. Soybean is classified as a moderately salt-sensitive crop and its production is greatly affected due to increasing salinity stress. About 8 % of the world’s total land is salt-affected. In Korea, around 9 % of total agricultural land (approximately 130,000ha) was reclaimed since 1960's. In order to meet the demand for soybean and to solve arable land shortage problem, it is unavoidable to cultivate soybean in salt-affected soils. Fortunately, soybean germplasm has been shown to have salt-tolerant phenotypes, which have been used to identify the salt-tolerant genes. GmCHX1, a novel ion transporter, is one of the genes known to confer salt tolerance in soybeans. Present study was conducted to understand the effects of sequence variations of GmCHX1, on salt tolerance in wild and cultivated soybeans. A total of 1026 (301 lines of G. max and 725 lines of G. soja) lines were phenotyped for salt tolerance in greenhouse conditions. At the V1-V2 growth stage, the plants were treated with 100mM NaCl solution for two weeks and thereafter the response was measured depending on leaf scorch score (1-health, 3-mid, 5-dead). About 20 lines found to show tolerance to saline conditions and were selected for sequence analysis of GmCHX1. Most of the haplotypes detected in this study corresponded with the haplotype patterns in previous studies. However, several lines showed different patterns of polymorphism in the coding region, suggesting that sequencing of more lines and analysis for the polymorphism in GmCHX1 is needed in order to identify new haplotypes that could confer greater salt tolerance.

The world population has been continuously increasing and has led to the growing demand for rice. It is therefore important to pay as much attention to the enhancement of grain yield as well as grain quality. Grain size is one of the major factors determining grain yield and quality. A large number of genes are known to be involved in regulation of grain size. However, the influence of their haplotype combination is still largely unknown. Of the previously characterized genes, we especially focused on the six genes (GS3, GS5, GS6, GW2, qSW5/GW5, and GW8/OsSPL16) to expand our understanding of regulation of grain size and to develop a regression equation model that can be used for molecular rice breeding. A total of 215 rice germplasms, which originated or developed from 28 rice-consuming countries, were used in this study. The genotyping analysis revealed that different alleles of the six genes were widely distributed in our germplasm collection and also showed significant associations with the differences in grain size. Interestingly, we found that the relatively small number of haplotype combinations preserved in diverse rice germplasms and showed significant associations with the differences in grain size. In addition, we also found that a single gene-specific allelic variation plays an important role in regulation of grain size in the presence of a certain type of haplotype combination. Based on these results, we developed a regression equation model for prediction of rice grain size. We expect that our model can be used for rice molecular breeding to develop new rice varieties having a grain size in a particular range.

Anaerobic germination (AG) is plays important role in submergence resistance which is an important trait for rice production in flood-prone lowland areas. Slow seed germination and delayed seedling establishment due to flooding become major problem for modern sowing methods such as direct seeding and environmental friendly good agricultural practices especially using young seedling age. In total, 137 diverse rice accessions were evaluated for anerobic germination ability. Submergence 1 (SUB1) which is induced ethylene response factors is suggestive because genes belonging to this gene family play a crucial role in rice tolerance to submergence. In this study, haplotype variations of three AG related genes, SUB1 (SUB1A, SUB1B, SUB1C) were examined using whole-genome resequencing data of 137 accessions of rice core set. The new SNPs and InDels found in the exon of the sub1 loci would be useful in developing markers to screen the varieties with strong anaerobic germination ability in the future molecular breeding

Direct seeding of rice is increasingly being practiced in both rainfed and irrigated areas because of labor shortage for transplanting and opportunities for crop intensification. However, slow seed germination and delayed seedling establishment will become a major problem for rice production in flood-prone lowland areas as sowing method shifts from transplanting to direct seeding. Identification of anoxia-induced ethylene response factors is suggestive because genes belonging to this gene family play a crucial role in rice tolerance to submergence. In this study, genetic structure variability of three AG related genes, Sub1 (Sub1A, Sub1B, Sub1C), Sub2 (OsGAPPH) and Ramy3D were examined by using whole-genome resequencing data of 84 accessions of rice core set. Some new SNPs and InDels found in exon part of anaerobic germination related genes in the present study would be useful in developing markers to identify the submergence resistant varieties in the future molecular breeding.

Preharvest sprouting (PHS) not only causes reduction of grain yield, but also affects the quality of grains, resulting into significant economic losses. PHS is governed by multiple genes. Little is known about the large genetic variation of preharvest sprouting in rice. In the present study, genetic variations of four PHS genes, OsVP1, Osaba1, Alpha-amylase3D and OsGA20ox1 were studied by using whole-genome resequencing data of 84 accessions of rice core set. A total of haplotype groups; 27, 29, 6 and 14, for OsVP1, Osaba1, Alpha-amylase3D and OsGA20ox1, respectively, were detected among the 84 accessions. Some new SNPs and InDels were found in exon part of PHS related genes were expected to result in amino acid changes following analysis of the genetic code variations, and the germplasm or varieties which are resistant to preharvest sprouting were explored. Based on this step, phenotyping for PHS is ongoing, and the association mapping of PHS will be conducted by using SNPs resulted from the haplotyping data. The present results will be ultimately useful to the molecular breeding for the development of PHS resistant rice cultivars.

Rice blast disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive rice diseases worldwide. Resistance to rice blast pathogen mostly shows a quantitative trait controlled by several genes. A total of 13 major blast resistance (R) genes were reported in a number of Korean rice varieties using molecular markers. The Pi-ta gene, which locates near to the centromere of chromosome 12, was haplotyping using 1790 accessions including cultivated and wild varieties in previous research. However, the genetic variations of other R genes in rice still not clear. Three R genes, Pi9, Pia, and Pib on chromosome 6, 11 and 2 respectively, were resequenced among 84 accessions of rice core set. Different types of halotype among the 84 accessions were detected. Some new SNPs and InDels found in exon part of R genes were expected to result into amino acid changes following analysis of the genetic code variations, and the germplam in this rice core set which are resistance to blast were explored. We are expecting to develop the new functional markers and incorporate of resistance genes into existing rice cultivars and finally these apply outcomes in breeding rice resistance to blast diseases.

The rice sucrose synthase 3 (RSUS3) localized predominantly inrice seed endosperm may play an important role in the starch filling in the milky stage of rice seed. As the genetic diversity at this locus is not known yet, forty three rice varieties/accessions were objected to amplify full sequence of the RSUS3 to examine the distribution of DNA polymorphisms. A total of 254 sequence variants, including 82, 150 and 22SNP sand indels, were successfully identified in whole length of 7,733bp sequence comprising promoter, exon and intron, and 3’ down stream non transcribed region(NTR). Eleven haplotypes were distinguishable among 43 rice varieties based on the nucleotide variation on the three defined regions (5’NTR, transcript and 3’NTR). The promoter region showed the occurrence of a base change on a cis-element which might involve a functional role of the motif in seed-specific expression. Non random process seemed to be acted in the genetic diversity of RSUS3geneamongricegermplasmusedinthisstudy. The analysis of polymorphism sites indicated a history of eleven minimum recombination mostly occurred in the transcribed region. This result might provide an insight for a clasditic approach for establishing future genetic association studies of RSUS3locus.

Sucrose synthase 3 which is a third active gene present in rice, is localized predominantly in rice endosperm. This sucrose synthase 3 may play an important role in the starch filling in the milky stage rice seed, probably involving in the starch physicochemical properties. As the genetic diversity at this locus is little informed, forty three rice consisting of japonica, indica and Oryza rufipogon were targeted to amplify full sequence of sucrose synthase 3 to examine the frequency and distribution of nucleotide polymorphism. Total of 755 all sequence variants detected, 491 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 264 indels were successfully identified in 7618 bp of sequence containing the sucrose synthase 3 transcript, promoter and 3' non-transcribed region. The frequency of nucleotide changes and indels were high, on average one polymorphism per 15.5 bp and one indel per 28.9 bp with 11 sequence-based haplotypes distinguishable among the varieties and lines. Both the frequency of nucleotide changes and indels were frequent in non-coding region, but rare in coding region. Sequencing a polymorphism region in the promoter showed one base change on one of cis-element from T (CATGCATA to A (CATGCACA) that might implicate in seed specificity. The presence of a high number of haplotype shared by a few varieties indicated a little information on linkage disequilibrium.