In this study, we investigated the time signal devices of Deungnu (circa 1270) and Gungnu (1354), the water clocks produced during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368). These clocks influenced Heumgyeonggaknu (1438) of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), exemplifying the automatic water clocks of the Yuan Dynasty. Deungnu, Gungnu, and Heumgyeonggaknu can be considered as automatic mechanical clocks capable of performances. The Jega-Yeoksang-Jip (Collection of Calendrical and Astronomical Theories of Various Chinese Masters) contains records of Deungnu extracted from the History of the Yuan Dynasty. We interpreted these records and analyzed reproduction models and technical data previously produced in China. The time signal device of Deungnu featured a four-story structure, with the top floor displaying the four divine constellations, the third floor showcasing models of these divinities, the second floor holding 12-h jacks and a 100-Mark ring, and the first floor with four musicians and a 100-Mark Time-Signal Puppet providing a variety of visual attractions. We developed a 3D model of Deungnu, proposing two possible mechanical devices to ensure that the Time-Signal Puppet simultaneously pointed to the 100-Mark graduations in the east, west, south, and north windows: one model reduced the rotation ratio of the 100-Mark ring to 1/4, whereas the other model maintained the rotation ratio using four separate 100-Mark rings. The power system of Deungnu was influenced by Suunuisangdae (the water-driven astronomical clock tower) of the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1127); this method was also applied to Heumgyeonggaknu in the Joseon Dynasty. In conclusion, these automatic water clocks of East Asia from the 13th to 15th centuries symbolized creativity and excellence, representing scientific devices that were the epitome of clock-making technology in their times.

1. 서론
2. 문헌 분석
    2.1. 규모와 동력
    2.2. 지붕의 형상
    2.3. 본체의 구조
3. 중국 등루 모델 분석
    3.1. 재현 모델
    3.2. 기술자료 분석
4. 등루 시보시스템의 모델
    4.1. 설계 착안점
    4.2. 3D 모델링
5. 토의
    5.1. 4신(神)
    5.2. 12시 100각
    5.3. 수차 동력
    5.4. 외형 연출과 시각 연출
6. 결론
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES

• 윤용현(국립중앙과학관) | YONG-HYUN YUN (National Science Museum, Daejeon 34143, Korea)
• 김상혁(한국천문연구원) | SANG HYUK KIM (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea) Corresponding author
• 민병희(한국천문연구원, 과학기술연합대학원대학교) | BYEONG-HEE MIHN (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Korea, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea)
• 임병근((주)전흥) | BYONG GUEN LEEM (Jeon Heung Total Art Company, Gimpo 10044, Korea)