Goami 2 is now well known as its extinguishing endosperm characteristics - it is far from the wild type, Ilpum, a premium taste Korean japonica cultivar. The endosperm of Goami 2 is high in fat, protein, and indigestible carbohydrate contents. One of the most extraordinary endosperm characteristic of Goami 2 is high level of amylose content, even though the hulled rice (brown rice) is totally opaque. There have been many studies to address the unique physico-chemical properties and possible usages as a healthy and functional food ingredient, especially, the high-amylose rice had a positive effect on lowering the blood glucose response in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Genetic analysis by using 44 SSR markers, crude linkage map (3~5 anchor markers per chromosome) was then constructed based on the genotypes detected among 112 F2 progenies derived from Goami 2 / Milyang 23 showed that major chromosomal regions on Chromosome 2 responsible for the variation of amylose contents. M2-53 on Chromosome 2 explains the highest variation and this region has not been reported as a putative QTL for amylose contents yet. More closely markers for application to breeding program can be developed using MutMap or Re-sequence methods.

새만금 간척지를 포함하여 우리나라는 넓은 간척지를 보유하고 있으나 제염되지 않은 간척지에서 재배할 수 있는 농작물은 매우 한정적이다. 따라서 높은 염농도에서도 재배 가능한 염생식물인 나문재의 작물로서의 이용을 위하여 본 연구에서는 나문재의 종자구조와 염농도에 따른 유묘생육 특성을 조사하였다. 나문재는 쌍떡잎 식물로서 종자 내에 배유층이 존재하지 않으며, 종자를 화피가 감싸고 있고 결실기에 화피가 바깥쪽으로 신장되어 오각형의 별모양의 형태를 보였다. 종자 크기는 길이가 0.44±0.10cm, 너비가 0.47±0.09cm, 폭이 0.31±0.06cm이었으며 천립중은 1.58±0.07g이었다. 화피를 제거하면 길이 0.31±0.05cm, 너비 0.31±0.06cm, 폭은 0.12±0.04cm였으며 천립중은 0.74±0.06g이었다. 종피가 감싸고 있는 종자의 내부는 shoot apex를 중심으로 배축이 나선형으로 두 번 반정 감겨져서 종자 바깥쪽으로 radicle이 향하고 있는 구조를 가지고 있다. 종자 침종 후 발아하는 데는 30℃에서 평균 3일 정도가 소요되었으며, 발아 시 radicle이 종피를 뚫고 신장하였으며, 이 때 나선형의 배축이 풀리고 황색의 떡잎은 짙은 초록색으로 변하면서 갈라져 신장하였다. 염조건에 따른 유묘의 생장 특성을 조사하기 위하여 초장 10cm 내외의 유묘를 상토에 이식하고 염농도를 0, 20, 50, 100, 200mM로 처리하고 5주 간 생육조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 나문재의 초기 생장량은 염농도 50mM에서 초장이 55.95±6.30cm, 분지가 56개로 가장 많았으며, 100mM에서는 50mM의 생장량보다 약간 적었으나 유의한 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 반면, 생육이 가장 부진하였던 200mM에서는 50mM에 비하여 초장은 19.05cm, 분지는 13개 감소하였다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때, 나문재는 적정 생육 염농도는 50~100mM 정도로 판단되었다.

Angelica gigas, also called Dang Gui or Korean Angelica, is a major medicinal herb used in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan and China. In Korea, we are using the roots of A. gigas., but, they are using Angelica sinensis in China and using Angelica acutiloba. in Japan to obtain many active constituents such as dercursin, decursinol angelate, nodakenetin, nodakenin, umbelliferone, β-sisterol, or α-pinene. The plants of the Angelica family are used to improve gynecological health. The biggest problem in the cultivation of A. gigas is bolting. If the bolting occurs, A. gigas can not be used as a medicinal component because the roots are lignified. In this study, 11 A. gigas genetic resources in Korea; 1. Hwangje variety, 2. Sungwoo Jongmyo company, 3. Bonghwa No. 1, 4. Bonghwa No. 2, 5. Bonghwa No. 3, 6. Bonghwa No. 4, 7. Jechun local variety, 8. Jirisan local variety, 9. Manchu variety in Eumseong, 10. Manchu variety in Bonghwa, 11. Jinbu local variety, were collected and performed phylogenetic analysis using RAPD molecular markers.

Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is an active immune response triggered by interactions between host resistance proteins and their cognate effectors. Although ETI is often associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), various R genes mediate an HR-independent process known as extreme resistance (ER). In the soybean-Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) pathosystem, the strain-specific CI protein of SMV functions as an effector of Rsv3-mediated ER. In this study, we used the soybean (Rsv3)-SMV (CI) pathosystem to gain insight into the molecular signaling pathway involved in ER. We used genome-wide transcriptome analysis to identify a subset of the type 2C protein phophatase (PP2C) genes that are specifically up-regulated in Rsv3-mediated ER. Gain-of-function analysis of the most significantly expressed soybean PP2C gene, GmPP2C3a, showed that ABA-induced GmPP2C3a functions as a key regulator of Rsv3-mediated ER. Our results further suggest that the primary mechanism of ER against viruses is the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement by callose deposition in an ABA signaling-dependent manner.

More than 300 Miscanthus accessions as a potential bioenergy crop were collected in Korea and their morphological traits were investigated at various growth stages. Among morphological traits, stem growth habit, the presence of awn in spikelet, and autumn new shoot are the most important key traits enabling to cluster Miscanthus accessions into M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus groups. Miscanthus sinensis has bunch stem growth habit and awn in spikelet, and produces autumn new shoot, while M. sacchariflorus has scattering stem growth habit with no awn in spikelet and does not produce autumn new shoot. Interestingly, we found several Miscanthus accessions showing intermediate morphological traits. 7 M. sinensis accessions showed morphological traits similar to M. sacchariflorus and 17 M. sacchariflorus accessions showed morphological traits similar to M. sinensis. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting finally revealed 5 Miscanthus hybrids, suggesting that they are resulted from natural hybridization between M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus. Therefore, these Miscanthus hybrids can be used to understand genetic recombination between these two Miscanthus species and our understanding may support future efforts for breeding new Miscanthus variety with high biomass productivity and environmental adaptability.

Nutritious and functional foods from crop have received great attention in recent years. Colored-grain wheat contains high phenolic compound and a large number of flavonoid. One of plant pigments, wheat anthocyanin is increasingly emerging as natural compounds for consumer´s health and condition. Red grains and white grains with different antioxidant activity was used to conduct germination assay. Antioxidant enzyme assay of POD, APX, CAT, GST, GR and GPx was conducted during the imbibitional phase of mature seeds. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was analyzed to assess the activity of ROS during imbibition phase of mature seeds and alpha-amylase contents were quantified for 3 days during dark imbibition. Additionally, sprouting rates of developing seeds in spikelet after anthesis with damp condition were measured in each red grain groups for two weeks to evaluate sprout ability affected by phytochemical of red grain wheat. In summary, we identified that red grain wheat showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity involved in ROS scavenging during imbibition. Sprouting rate during dark imbibition in developmental spikelet of four groups classified by color suggest that phytochemicals in dark red grain wheat caused negative effects to sprouting.

In rice, the stage of the meiosis in the pollen is sensitive stage resulted in the pollen sterility to reduce yield. Dianxi4 is a cold tolerant line. To monitoring the proteome expression patterns in the pollen of Dianxi4 under the cold stress, shotgun proteomic analysis was conducted to the anther of Dianxi4. The rice plant was grown in the peedy rice field then in the 10 DBH(days before heading), one individual rice plant was moved in the growth chamber under the condition of12℃/RH70%(12h day/12h night). Also the plant used as control was moved in the growth chamber unde the condition of 28℃/RH70%(12h day/12h night). after 4 days treatment, the plant were moved in a greenhouse. The treated rice anther were collected in the one day before heading. From the shotgun proteomic analysis, total of 3,855 non-redundant proteins were identified. Among them, 2,360 proteins were reproducibly identified through the treatment and replications. By the T-test, 1,181 differentially expressed proteins were detected. Through the GO analysis, proteins related in gene expression, cellular process, cellular biosynthetic process were enriched.

The complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of two Miscanthus species, M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus, were sequenced and investigated for genes, genome size variation, and polymorphisms. There are 154 genes in both cp genomes, consisting of 122 coding genes, 40 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The cp genome contains two inverted repeat (IR) regions, separated by large single copy (LSC) region and small single copy (SSC) region. 112bp indels in M. sinensis and 152bp in M. sacchariflorus were found mainly in LSC and SSC, which are responsible for 40 bp-difference in cp genome size in two species. Likewise, out of 94bp of SNPs, 88bp were found in LSC and SSC regions. Although gene number and sequence structure were quite well conserved, indel distribution and size were different in these two Miscanthus species.

십자화과 작물에서 SRK와 SP11 유전자는 자가불화합 반응을 매개하는 주요 유전자이다. 무(radish)에서 S-locus haplotype을 분류 및 확인하기 위한 첫 단계로, SRK와 SP11유전자의 온전한 서열확보를 위해 기존 연구를 통해 밝혀진 Brassica rapa의 SRK유전자 서열을 활용해 local blast를수행했다. 이를 통해 무 draft genome sequence에서 SRK유전자와 높은 상동성이 있는 15개의 후보유전자들을 찾았다. 이후 B. rapa genome data를 활용한synteny analysis를 통해 무 draft genome sequence에서 B.rapa의 S-locus region과 synteny를 가지는 scaffold를 R7 연관그룹에서 확인했다. 해당 scaffold에서 SRK와 SLG 유전자의 서열을 확보할 수 있었다. 이렇게 확보한 SRK유전자서열의 정보를 통해 NCBI database에서 동일한 유전자서열을 찾을 수 있었고, 해당 논문에서 연구된 같은 haplotype의 SP11유전자서열을local blast의query로 사용해서 무 draft genome sequence에서 SP11 유전자정보가 포함된 scaffold를 찾을 수 있었다. 이로써, SRK, SLG, SP11/SCR 유전자를 포함하는 53,785bp, 42,804bp, 10,165bp 크기의 온전한 genomic 서열을 확보하게 되었다. 무 S locus haplotype을 분류하기 위한 체계를 만들기 위해 S-locus core region에 있는 SLL2유전자를 활용했다. SRK 유전자의 경우, 무 genome내에 상동성이 높은 homologous gene을 가지고 있고, SP11유전자의 경우는 exon지역의 다형성이 너무 높아PCR기반의 marker개발이 어렵기 때문에 SLL2유전자를 활용했다. 가지고 있는 다양한 무 육종계통에서 SLL2 유전자에 특이적인 primer set을 사용해 SLL2유전자를 증폭시킨 뒤, sequencing하여 SLL2유전자에 대한 다양한 대립유전자들의 서열을 확보할 수 있었다. 확보한 SLL2대립유전자 서열을 비교함으로써 S locus haplotype분류체계를 만드는데 활용 가능한 conserved region을 exon2와 exon6에서 확인할 수 있었고, 해당 부분에 design된 primer를 통해 다양한 무 육종계통에서 단일한 PCR band를 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 직접적인 sequencing을 통해 S locus haplotype을 식별하는데 충분한 정보를 제공함으로써 무 육종에 큰 도움이 될 것이라 생각된다.

Arabidopsis E3 SUMO ligase SIZ1 (AtSIZ1) controls vegetative growth and development including responses to nutrient deficiency and environment stresses. Here, we analyzed the effect of AtSIZ1 on the stability and amount of seed proteins. Proteomic analysis showed that the amount of three major nutrient reservoir proteins, CRUCIFERIN (CRU) 1, 2 and 3, were decreased in siz1-2 mutants. However, quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that transcript levels of CRU1, 2 and 3 genes were rather significantly higher in siz1-2 mutants than wild-type plants. Yeast two hybrid analysis revealed that AtSIZ1 interacts with CRU1, CRU2 and CRU3, strongly suggesting that CRU1, 2 and 3 proteins are sumoylated by AtSIZ1. In addition, the analysis of amino acid composition by HPLC showed that the contents of amino acids were a bit high in siz1-2 mutants. Our data indicate that AtSIZ1 plays an important function for accumulation of seed storage proteins through its ligase activity.

In this study, genetic diversity of wild Codonopsis lanceolata collected in Korea were analysed using SSR makers. Wild C. lanceolata roots were collected in Jeollanam-do Jangheung-gun Choentae Mountain as in roots. The wild C. lanceolata plants were cultivated in Chungbuk National University greenhouse and the leaves were sampled from 36 plants. The genomic DNA of C. lanceolata was extracted using CTAB. PCR was performed using a program of 35 cycles at 94℃ for 30 sec, 60℃ for 30 sec, and 72℃ for 30 sec with an pre-denaturation of 94℃ for 5 min and a final extension of 72℃ for 30 min. The PCR reaction mixture contains 5 pmole of primers and 20 ng of DNA template in a 20 μL reaction volume. The genotype of the analyzed samples were very different. Therefore, the wild C. lanceolata collected in Korea look genetically diverse.

Much effort has been expended to find agronomically important QTLs for improving soybean yield. However, the complexity of genome, such as genome duplication, limits the utility of genome-wide association studies and linkage analyses to identify genes controlling yield traits. We propose the variation block method, a three-step process for recombination block detection and comparison. The first step is to detect variations by comparing short-read DNA sequences of the cultivar to a reference genome of the target crop. Next, sequence blocks with variation patterns are examined and defined. The boundaries between the variation-containing sequence blocks are regarded as recombination sites. All the assumed recombination sites in the cultivar set are used to split the genomes, and the resulting sequence regions are named as variation blocks. The practicality of this approach was demonstrated by the identification of a putative locus determining soybean hilum color and known genes such as flower color gene. We suggest that the variation block method is an efficient genomics method for recombination block-level comparison of crop genomes. We expect that this method holds the prospect of developing crop genomics by bringing genomics technology to the field of crop breeding.

The Arabidopsis gene AVP1 encodes a vacuolar H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (EC3.6.1.1) that functions as an electronic proton pump in the vacuolar membrane and affects growth development and stress responses in plants. This study was conducted to evaluate the molecular properties of the A. thaliana vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (AVP1) gene in rice. Incorporation and expression of the transgene was confirmed by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Expression of the AVP1 gene in transgenic rice plants (TRP1 and TRP2) resulted in significantly enhanced tolerance to 100 mM NaCl under greenhouse conditions when compared to control wild-type (WT) rice plants. Augmented AVP1 expression in the transgenic rice plants also affected total biomass and improved ion homeostasis through increased accumulation of Na+ ions in whole tissues when compared to control WT rice plants under high salinity conditions. The Fv/Fm values of transgenic rice plants were higher than those of WT rice plants, even though the values decreased over time in both WT and transgenic (TRP1 to TRP8) rice plants. Furthermore, rice grain yield and biomass of the transgenic rice plants were at least 15% higher based on the culm and root weights and panicle and spikelet numbers when compared to those of the WT rice plants during the farming season in Korea. Thus, these results suggest that ectopic AVP1 expression conferred tolerance and stress resistance to genetically modified transgenic crop plants by improving cellular ion homeostasis against salt conditions, which enhanced the rice yield and biomass under natural conditions in paddy fields.

고추의 적색소는 고추의 상품성을 가늠하는 중요한 척도이면서 식재료 뿐 아니라 상업적으로도 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 본 연구는 적색소 성분의 함량과 관계하는 QTL 마커를 개발하기 위하여 적색소 성분 분석을 위한 mapping 집단을 육성하였고, 적색소 성분에 대한 QTL mapping을 수행하였다. 적색소 분석을 위한 mapping 집단인 ‘만다린’과 ‘블랙클러스터’를 양친으로 하는 F7 RIL 집단에서의 색도(ASTA value) 분포는 1.64에서 117.26의 범주에 있으며 그 분포 양상은 정규분포를 보여 QTL분석에 적합한 것으로 확인되었다.Mapping 집단의 양친들에 대해서 454 GS-FLX pyrosequencing을 이용한 NGS를 수행하였고, 그 결과 ‘만다린’과 ‘블랙클러스터’각각 120.44Mb와 142.54Mb의 염기서열 데이터를 확보할 수 있었으며, ‘만다린’에서 1,025개, ‘블랙클러스터’에서 1,059개의 SNP들을 확보하게 되었다. 이 SNP들을 HRM 분석에 용이하도록 프라이머를 제작하여 유전자 지도 작성을 수행한 결과 총 246개의 SNP 마커를 이용하여 약 512cM을 설명할 수 있는 21개 연관군의 유전자 지도가 작성되었다. 분석 집단 93계통들에서 측정된 ASTA 값을 이용하여 수행한 QTL 분석 결과 총 6개의 QTL 을 확인하였다. 이들 QTL과 근접한 마커들은 향후 고추의 적색소 함량 연구에 매우 유용한 정보로 활용될 것이며, 아직까지 개발된 바 없는 적색소 함량 연관 마커 개발에 가능성을 열어줄 것으로 기대한다.

The vascular system of plants consists of two conducting tissues, xylem and phloem, which differentiate from procambium cells. Xylem serves as a transporting system for water and signaling molecules and is formed by sequential developmental processes, including cell division/expansion, secondary cell wall deposition, vacuole collapse, and programmed cell death (PCD). PCD during xylem differentiation is accomplished by degradation of cytoplasmic constituents, and it is required for the formation of hollow vessels, known as tracheary elements (TEs). Our recent study revealed that the small GTPase RabG3b acts as a regulator of TE differentiation through its autophagic activation. By using an Arabidopsis in vitro cell culture system, we showed that autophagy is activated during TE differentiation. Overexpression of a constitutively active RabG3b (RabG3bCA) significantly enhances both autophagy and TE differentiation, which are consistently suppressed in transgenic plants overexpressing a dominant negative form (RabG3bDN) or RabG3bRNAi (RabG3bRNAi), a brassinosteroidinsensitive mutant bri1-301, and an autophagy mutant atg5-1. Wood (called secondary xylem) is the most abundant biomass produced by land plants including Populus and Eucalyptus, and therefore is considered to be one of the most cost-effective and renewable bioenergy resources. In an attempt to enhance xylem differentiation and thus to improve biomass traits in poplars, we generated transgenic poplars overexpressing the RabG3bCA form. As notable phenotypes, both stem height and diameter were increased and xylem area in vascular bundles was significantly expanded in RabG3bCA transgenic poplars compared to control plants. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RabG3b regulates xylem differentiation in both Arabidopsis and Populus. This study enhances our understanding of biological mechanisms underlying wood formation and serve as a framework to engineer the quality and quantity of wood as useful biomass.

Superjami is a new rice breed resulted from crossing ‘C3GHi (has high amount of Cyanidin 3-glucoside, and was developed from a cross between ‘Heugjinjubyeo’ and ‘Suweon 425’) and ‘Daeribbyeo 1’. Superjami has 10.9 times higher C3G content compared with ‘Heugjinjubyeo’. It also contains the highest essential amino acids of all kinds (except tryptophan content). This study was done to investigate the effects of extracts from superjami bran on the in-vitro antioxidant metabolism, in-vivo antioxidant metabolism and bone metabolism on menopause- induced condition in experimental rats. Overall, extract from superjami bran was confirmed of improving antioxidant and bone metabolism which can be considered as a good dietary supplement.

Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) catalyze the hydrolysis of the thioester bond that links the acyl chain to the sulfhydryl group of the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACP. This reaction terminates acyl chain elongation of fatty acid biosynthesis, and in plant seeds it is the biochemical determinant of the fatty acid compositions of storage lipids. A full-length cDNA of an acyl-ACP thioesterase, named CvFatB, was isolated from oil plant Cuphea viscosissima accumulating up to 90% caprylate (8:0) and caprate (10:0) in its seed oil. This cDNA contains a 1,245-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein of 415 amino acids. The deduced sequence also contains two essential residues (H317 and C352) for TE catalytic activity and a putative chloroplast transit peptide at the N-terminal. Overexpression of the CvFatB cDNA in Arabidopsis resulted in increased levels of saturated fatty acid, especially palmitate, and reduced levels of unsaturated fatty acids. The findings suggest that CvFatB from oil plant C. viscosissima can function as a saturated acyl-ACP TE and can potentially be used to diversify the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway to produce novel fatty acids.

The influences of ethylene inhibitors (AgNO3 and silver thiosulfate) and cytokinins (BAP and TDZ) on shoot regeneration from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of B. napus cv. Youngsan were investigated. The presence of 50 μM Silver thiosulfate (STS) in shoot regeneration medium formed shoots at 60-68% after 3-4 weeks of culture, which was enhanced by 2-fold compared to that of Silver nitrate (AgNO3). Moreover, cotyledon explants were more regenerative than hypocotyls; shoots from cotyledon explants began to occur 4-5 days earlier than that of hypocotyl explants. TDZ at a concentration of 8-10 μM was effective for shoot regeneration, compared with BAP. Consequently, the optimal shoot regeneration response was observed in medium supplemented with 50 μM STS + 8 μM TDZ. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, higher density of silver nanoparticles was shown to be accumulated widely inside the cell wall and plasmodesmata of regenerating leaf cultured in medium supplemented with AgNO3. By contrast, in the cell cultured in medium with STS, fine-grained deposits were partly observed in the surroundings of the cell wall.

Different biotic agents such as bacteria, fungi, nematode and virus interact with plants, and causes significant annual crop loss. The plants interact with these pathogen and undergo various changes at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. The omics technique is a powerful way which provides important information related to molecular changes occurring during plant-pathogen interaction. Several studies have been conducted and revealed either up or down-regulation of many genes involved in metabolism, energy, photosynthesis, signaling, defense and ROS upon pathogen interaction. In this review, we highlight recent progress in proteomic studies of plant-pathogen interaction, which could be useful for controlling disease and development of molecular markers for early detection of different diseases.

흑진주벼 보다 C3G(Cyanidin-3-glucoside) 함량이 높고 아토피억제효과 및 항당뇨 효과가 있는 슈퍼자미(국립종자원 품종등록 : 제4151호, 2012. 10. 17)에 대한 이화학적 특성을 밝혀 기능성 쌀 이용 기초자료를 확립하고, 기존의 쌀과의 차이점을 밝히고자 수행하였다. 슈퍼자미 품종의 조단백질ㆍ조지방은 AOAC방법, 아밀로오스 함량은 Juliano법, 쌀가루의 물결합능력은 Medcalf & Gilles 법, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 Folin-Denis 방법, 전자공여능은 DPPH의 환원성을 이용하여 UV/Visible spectrophoto mether로 측정하였다. 슈퍼자미의 단백질 함량은 기존의 유색미보다 낮아서 취반을 하였을 때 식미를 크게 저하하지 않을 것이라 사료된다. 아밀로오스 함량이 낮아 일반미와 혼합하여 밥을 지었을 때보다 부피 증가가 작고, 끈기가 많으며, 식미가 좋을 것이라고 생각된다. 물결합능력은 흑진주 > 슈퍼자미 > 일품 순이다. 일반계 쌀인 일품에 비해 흑진주와 슈퍼자미의 총 폴리페놀 함량이 1.2배 높은 것으로 나타났고 흑진주보다 슈퍼자미의 함량이 유의적으로 높았다. 흑진주보다 슈퍼자미의 DPPH 라디컬소거능이 높은 것으로 나타나 슈퍼자미가 강한 항산화 활성 능력을 가진 것으로 평가되었다.