Phosphorus and nitrogen loadings from the main tributaries into the Nakdong River were estimated by measuring phosphorus and nitrogen concentration in the main tributaries, Nakdong River(Kangjung), Kumho River, Heichun, Hwang River, Nam River, Milyang River, and Yangsanchun from May 1994 to October. Total phosphorus concentration of Kumho River was vary high, average 1.0 ㎎P/ℓ. The other rivers were the range 0.05∼0.15 ㎎P/ℓ. Total nitrogen concentration of Kumho River was vary high, average 6.27 ㎎N/ℓ. The other rivers were the range 1.5∼3.0 ㎎N/ℓ. The phosphorus loading from Kumho River, Nakdong River(Kangjung), Nam River, Milyang River, Hwang River, Yangsanchun, and Heichun were calculated to be 1,108, 603, 198, 57, 34, 23, and 21 tP/yr, respectively. Therefore, the loading from Kumho River accounted for 45 % of total loading, 2,042 tP/yr. The nitrogen loading from Nakdong River (Kangjung), Kumho River, Nam River, Milyang River, Hwang River, Heichun, and Yangsanchun were calculated to be 12,636, 7,411, 2,611, 1,523, 779, 608, and 391 tN/yr, respectively. Therefore, the loading from Nakdong River(Kangjung) and Kumho River accounted for 50 % and 30% of total loading, 25,959 tN/yr, respectively.

The reaction rate, equilibrium, and flow injection analysis methods were fundamentally evaluated for the determination of aqueous ammonia. The selected indophenol blue method was based on the formation of indophenol blue in which ammonium ion reacted with hypochlorite and phenol in alkaline solution. In the optimized reaction condition, the reaction followed 1st order reaction kinetics and the final product was stable. The absorbance measurements before and after the equilibrium were utilized for the reaction rate and equilibrium methods. The reaction rate methods, based on the relative analytical signals for the possibility of eliminating interferents, were shown to have good linear calibration curves but the detection limit and the calibration sensitivity were poorer than those in the equilibrium method. The detection limits were 32-49 ppb and 24 ppb for the reaction rate and equilibrium methods, respectively. In the flow injection analysis, the absorbance was measured before the equilibrium reached and thus resulted in 30% reduction of calibration sensitivity. However, the detection limit was 11 ppb, indicating that the peak-to-peak noise for the blank was remarkably improved. Compared to the manual methods, the optimized experimental condition in a closed reaction system reduced the blank absorbance and the inclusion of ammonia from the atmosphere was prevented. In addition, highly reproducible mixing of sample and reagents and analytical data extracted from continuous recording showed excellent reproducibility.

일본의 초.중등학교의 교육과정은 문부성에서 발표하는 학습지도요령에 따라 운영된다. 또한, 학교교육에서 평가는 초.중등학교의 지도요록을 위주로 평가가 이루어지고 있다. 학교에서 학생의 평가는 크게 교과와 행동 및 성격의 2분야로 나눌 수 있다. 다시, 교과는 교과의 평정과 관점별 학습상황으로 나누어지며 각 교과는 5단계(소학교 1, 2학년은 3단계)로 평정한다. 또, 각 교과벼로 관점이 정해져 있고, 관점별 학습상황을 평가하고 있다. 국어과를 예로 들면, 언어에 관한 지식.이해, 표현능력(작문, 말하기), 이해능력(읽기, 듣기), 글씨쓰기, 국어에 관한 관심.태도로 세분화되어 있다. 뛰어난 관점은 +로 뒤떨어지는 점을 -로 평가한다. 따라서 교과의 평정은 우리나라와 같이 5단계이지만, 좀 더 세분화하여 평가한다고 볼 수 있다. 학생들의 행동 및 성격의 평정도 뛰어난 것은 +로, 특히 지도를 요하는 것은 -로 평정하고 있다.