Resveratrol, which is both a phytoalexin with antifungal activity and a phytochemical associated with reduced cancer risk and reduced cardiovascular disease, is synthesized in a limited number of plant species including peanut. Resveratrol synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme stilbene synthase including resveratrol synthase (RS). Resveratrol synthase gene (RS3) obtained from peanut, Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae has been transferred into chinese foxglove, Rehmannia glutinosa by using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. RS t-DNA introduced to chinese foxglove (R. glutinosa L) by transformation and its reaction product, resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucoside was isolated and characterized using HPLC. Also its biological effects was tested in inhibition of the lipid peroxidation of mouse LDL by glycosylated stilbenes derivatives obtained from transgenic plants. Resveratrol-3-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from transgenic R. glutinosa L. showed antimicrobial activity of the growth inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Therefore, this compound can be contributed to be useful as a phytoalexin for plant health as well as a phytochemical for human health.

Rehmannia glutinosa shows a high level of resistance to the non-selective herbicide paraquat. To characterize the antioxidant enzyme system of R. glutinosa, we comparatively examined the responses of antioxidant enzymes to UV, wounding and a general elicitor yeast extract in R. glutinosa and soybean. The levels of enzyme activities of the two plant species were drastically different between those per fresh weight (general activity) and per protein (specific activity) bases. The general activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR) were lower, but that of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was higher in R. glutinosa than in soybean. The specific activities of the enzymes, however, were about two- to seven-fold higher in R. glutinosa than in soybean, except that of CAT, which was about 12-fold higher in soybean. The general and specific enzyme activities of R. glutinosa relative to those of soybean showed a consistent increase in responses to the stresses only in SOD. The specific activities of SOD and APX were higher in R. glutinosa in all stress treatments. The results might suggest a relatively higher contribution of SOD and APX to the stress tolerance.

A survey was conducted during April~May 2004 to determine the occurrence and population density of plant-parasitic nematodes in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) growing fields, in major ginseng growing regions of Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk and Kyongki provinces. The survey revealed presence of eleven species of plant-parasitic nematodes namely, Criconemoides morgensis, Ditylenchus destructor, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla, Paratylencgus lepidus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Psilenchus hilarulus, Trichodorus similis, Tylenchorhynchus claytoni and Xiphinema americanum. Frequency and density of each species were highly variable. M. incognita and M. hapla were the predominant species, their infestation observed in 46.3 and 39.4% fields with an average density of 78~254 and 76~211 nematodes per 300 cm3 soil, respectively. Whereas, T. similis and X. americanum were rarely observed; only in 2.3 and 1.8% of surveyed fields and their density was 10~17 and 7~10 individuals per 300 cm3 soil, respectively. They are recorded herewith for the first time from ginseng fields of Korea. In nematode-infestated fields, stunted plant growth with chlorotic leaves, and wilted plants were observed in patches.

The response of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations caused significant change in root number, root length, coleoptile length, shoot length and leaf age of seedlings. The genotypic difference in the effect of DO also highly significant (P<0.01) for all of the seedling traits. The number and length of root were extremely inhibited at the condition of 0.39~pm0.09 DO concentration. While the coleoptile elongated markedly in the lowest DO concentrations, the shoot did not develop. The root growth was improved slightly at the 1.39~pm0.27mg L-1 , however, there were no difference among genotypes at these two low DO concentrations. As the DO concentration become higher, the growth of root and shoot was improved remarkably. Root number, root length and shoot length was significantly different between 20~;and~;30~circC in DO rich and normal conditions, the development of those traits were apparently accelerated in high water temperature, however those traits of seedlings in DO deficiency were not different between the two temperatures except for shoot length. On the other hand the coleoptile length was not affected by the stagnant water temperature; it was stimulated by the low DO concentration. The competition of DO was greater as the seedling density was increased in the stagnant water, therefore the seedlings grown under high density have long and white coleoptiles, and the growth of roots and shoots was retarded severely.

The objectives of this study were to establish the genetic transformation system of stilbene synthase in Rehmannia glutinosa. Resveratrol, which is both a phytoalexin with antifungal activity and a phytochemical associated with reduced cancer risk and reduced cardiovascular disease, is synthesized in a limited number of plant species including peanut. Resveratrol synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme stilbene synthase including resveratrol synthase (RS). Stilbene synthase gene (RS3) obtained from peanut, Arachis hypogaea, Fabaceae has been transferred into chinese foxglove, Rehmannia glutinosa by using Agrobacterium mediated transformation. PCR analysis with RS3 primer confirmed that the targeted gene was introduced into the plant genome, 904 bp in size. Further analyses of identification of transformation using developed other molecular techniques and transgenic plants that RS t-DNA introduced to chinese foxglove (R. glutinosa L) and its reaction product, stilbene such as resveratrol will be isolate and characterize using NMR, MS, and HPLC.

Hairy roots were induced from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) root explants and studied for their gene expression. A total of 3,000 ESTs (expressed sequence tags) from ginseng hairy root were determined and about 2,700 ESTs have a length of readable sequence, which result in 1,352 unique ESTs sequences. The 879 ESTs showed significant similarities to known nucleotide or amino acid sequences in other plant species, which were divided into eleven categories depending upon gene function. The remaining 473 sequences showed no significant matches, which are likely to be transcripts or to be matched to other organisms. The results indicated that the analysis of the ginseng hairy root ESTs by partial sequencing of random cDNA clones may be an efficient approach to isolate genes that are functional in ginseng root in a large scale. Our extensive EST analysis of genes expressed in ginseng hairy root not only contributes to the understanding of the dynamics of genome expression patterns in root organ but also adds data to the repertoire of all genomic genes.

The establishment of an efficient protocol for plant regeneration and micropropagation from leaf explant cultures of Chicory, Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus. is reported. Callus formation rate appeared 100% from explant in all growth regulators, but calli formed in the prensence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were appeared very compact and non-embryogenic state. The regenerated shoots were obtained from leaf explant cultures on solid MS medium containing different concentrations of cytokinins and auxin. The highest number of shoots (5.7) per explant and shoot growth (2.8cm) was obtained on MS medium containing 0.1 mg BAP L-1 and 0.1 mg NAA L-1 . Indole acetic acid was the most suitable auxin for root formation among three auxins tested. 2,4-D had no effect on shoot and root formation.

Allium wakegi was cultured shoot tip in the condition of light culture. The Allium wakegi added plant growth regulator was observed of plant regeneration and bulblet formation. Callus Induction and growing rate was the best of 78％ when added alone 2,4-D 0.5mg/L. In the formation of shoot, its regeneration rate was 96％ when added BA 0.5mg/L in the light culture condition. When BA 0.5mg/L and NAA 0.5mg/L mixed and BA 0.5 mg/L and NAA 1.0mg/L mixed, the rates were 99％ and 97％ respectively, and these conditions were suitable for forming shoot. In the formation of roots, when added NAA 2.0mg/L in the light culture condition, the regeneration rate was 90.6 ％ and the roots were abnormal. When added NAA 1.0mg/L, the rate was 82 ％ and the highest. In the formation of bulbs, when BA 05mg/L and NAA 1.0mg/L mixed, the root generantion and its size in the bulbs was the best compare to other treatment experiments.

The shipping industry can be explained by a growing process of concentration and centralization of tonnage. A few largest shipping company control a great deal of shipping tonnage in the total tonnage through the process of concentration and centralization of tonnage in shipping over time. It confirms that a decreasing number of operators take an increasing quantity of tonnage in the total tonnage. Thus, the extremely dualistic structure (extremely unequal distribution of tonnage) are shown not only in the shipping industry in a given country but also in liner shipping in the world In this paper, the two countries, that is, Korea and Egypt, are compared considering the absolute size of tonnage and shipping policy in tenn., of concentration and centralization of tonnage in shipping. In order to measure the degree of concentration of tonnage in shipping, the quantitative measurements; the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are introduced. But it should be supplemented with the qualitative measures of tonnage in a given country.

The long-period gravity wave, the wave period from some ten seconds to some minutes, induces not only the big sway of a ship moored and berthed in the harbor due to the horizontal long-distance motion of a water but also strong exfoliated flow and vortices near the harbor entrance. They muse serious problems on the safety navigation of vessels entering and leaving the harbor, but this gravity wave has not been searched sufficiently yet. Then it is quite important to reveal the characteristics of this long-period gravity wave ana to solve various problems induced by this wave. The long-period gravity wave measurement system with arrayed buoys installed the kinematic GPS was already proposed, which provides the precise propagating direction of the long-period gravity wave. In this paper, the observation results of the wave measurement system are shown by the MUSIC method And the propagating wave direction was estimated precisely enough in comparison with other results used other method.

It can be said that the relationship between the maneuvering ability of operators and the navigational environment affects the safe degree of navigation in the collision avoidance situation. In order to reduce the occurrence probability of accident and to maintain the safety, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between human behavior and navigational environment. In this study, therefore, we analyzed and discussed the relationship between the maneuvering characteristics and the safety focused on human behavior as a fundamental factor of marine accidents using ship handling simulator and questionnaire. As a result, we concluded that navigational environment changes variously and the maneuvering ability of operators also varies with the navigational environment, and the ship handling characteristics strongly affect the occurrence probability of accident.

초대교회 시대부터 현재에 이르기까지 예배에 있어서 시편은 계속적으로 중요한 위치를 차지해 왔다. 시대에 따라 연주법과 작곡법이 다르고, 노래하는 사람이 성가대이거나 독창자, 혹 회중 등으로 다를 수는 있지만 예배를 위하여 시편이 필요없다고 여겨진 세대는 분명히 없었다. 수세기 동안 로마 카톨릭 교회에서는 예배의 모든 순서를 그레고리오 성가에 따라 노래하였으나, 약 10세기부터 지극히 단순한 다성음악이 생겼으며 13세기부터는 3성부나 4성부로 된 모테트 형식이 발전되었다. 그리고 15세기말쯤이 되어서야 시편의 말씀을 가지고 다성 음악으로 작곡한 작품들이 보이게 되었다. 카톨릭 교회의 리터지 에서는 예배시간마다 시편 5곡을 이용하였고 루터교, 성공회, 개혁교회 및 다른 신 교회에서도 17세기쯤부터 역시 많은 곡을 필요로 했다. 시편을 사용한 이러한 긴 역사 속에서 음악작곡법이 수없이 변형되었고 이것은 많은 작곡가들에게 언제나 새로운 자극이 되었다. 무반주 성악 폴리포니 양식에서 반주부가 달린 독창과 합창을 위한 풍부한 형식까지 매우 많은 양의 교회음악 문헌이 되었다. 본 논문은, 시편송 장르에 매우 많은 양의 작품이 있는 것 같다고 생각하여 이에 대해 확실히 알기 위해 구체적인 연구를 시작하게 되었다. 일년이 넘는 기간 동안 연구한 결과, 방대한 수의 작품이 작곡되었다는 것은 알게 되었지만 확실한 곡 숫자를 알아보는 것은 매우 힘들었다. 가장 큰 이유는 대부분의 참고문헌에서 많은 작곡가의 곡 목록이 나오고 그 중 중요하게 여겨지는 곡들을 일일이 언급한 다음 “그 외에도 모테트 100여곡, 시편송 55곡, 다른 교회용 음악도 작곡하였다”는 식으로 소개가 되어 있으므로 무슨 시편송에 의한 곡인지 전혀 알 길이 없었기 때문이다. 따라서 이런 내용들을 이 논문에도 기입할 수 없었던 것은 유감스러운 사실이다. 확실히 알 수 있는 시편송의 곡 숫자는 4480곡이다. 제일 인기 있는 시편은 51편(677곡), 110편(404곡), 113편(251곡), 117편(207곡), 112편(189곡), 111편(168곡), 100편(159곡), 130편(148곡)이다. 하지만 이렇게 많이 작곡하게 된 곡들 중에서도 각 세기마다 똑같은 반응이 나타나지는 않는다. 그것은 분명히 역사의 흐름에 따라 각 시대가 시편의 내용을 다른 눈으로 보았던 것과, 개인과 기독교 공동체의 신앙변화와 뚜렷한 관계가 있는 것으로 보인다.

This experiment was conducted to know the characteristics of kernel growth as affected by various temperature regimes during grain filling using the varieties Hwaseongbyeo, Ilpumbyeo and Chucheongbyeo. The rice plants tested were grown in the natural condition at 1/5000a Wagner pots until flowering. After flowering, the rice plants were moved to controlled temperature conditions in a phytotron. The minimum/maximum daily temperature in the phytotron was controlled by 12/18, 15/21, 18/24, 21/27, and 24/30~circC , respectively. The grain weights were measured every three days after treatment. The mean daily kernel growth rate during active grain filling period showed different responses among varieties under various temperature regimes. The kernel growth rate of Chucheongbyeo was seriously reduced as temperature regimes were decreased. However, that of Ilpumbyeo was not influenced so critically. Ilpumbyeo showed some advantages in grain filling under low temperature regimes compared to Chucheongbyeo. The lag phase in grain filling of Chucheongbyeo was the longest among tested varieties, followed by Hwaseongbyeo under daily mean temperature regime of 15~circC . Kernel weight of Ilpumbyeo increased fast in early grain filling phase under low temperature. This characteristic may be favorable for grain filling in temperate zone where the daily mean temperature is drastically dropped during grain filling period. Regression analysis with kernel growth rate and temperature showed the estimated critical low temperature for grain filling among varieties were 9~circC , 12~circC , 13~circC in Ilpumbyeo, Hwaseongbyeo and Chucheongbyeo, respectively. Under moderate temperature the duration of grain filling of Ilpumbyeo was longer than that of Chucheongbyeo. However, Under low temperature that of Ilpumbyeo was more favorable than Chucheongbyeo.

The shoot tip and young leaf of Rhodiola sachalinensis were cultured to invest the plant growth regulator condition for callus induction, shoot and root regeneration. When the shoot tip was sterilized in 2.0% of NaOCl for 20min., the contamination rate was the lowest. And the survival rate of the culture material was good in carbenicillin 500mg/L treatment group. Callus was obtained from shoot tip and young leaf segments. NAA 0.1-1.0mg/L and 2,4-D 0.1-0.5mg/L alone treatment were shown to have a good response on callus induction from shoot tip culture. In the case of young leaf culture, NAA and 2,4-D 0.1-0.5mg/L alone treatment were good in callus induction. In culturing shoot tip NAA 0.5mg/L and BA 0.5mg/L, NAA1.0mg/L and BA 0.lmg/L combination treatment was good in shoot regeneration. The regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA combination treatment. Especially, NAA 1.0mg/L and BA 0.1mg/L combination treatment was effective for root regeneration.