Fashion is primarily based on adoption of trends by consumers in textiles, clothing, footwear, jewelry and art, inter alia. As fashion is based on human preferences, it is characterized by dynamic changes throughout seasons and years, short life cycles, low predictability and high volatility of demand and impulse purchases. In the dynamic environment of apparel markets, fashion firms aim at successfully forecasting both the desirability of new collections and the volumes of each item produced and released to the market under terms of substantial levels of uncertainty. When demand for an item exceeds its supply, the firm is likely to lose additional profits that could have been collected had a sufficient volume of this item been present in the market. Alternatively, if the supply of an item surpassed its demand, it would remain unsold, thereby generating loss equal to its marginal production and distribution costs. The paper proposes a forecasting model that enhances the accuracy of fashion trend forecasting in the context of multiple variants of colour clothing. The model aims at maximizing profits of the firms, while minimizing the forecasting error and reducing the costs that result from excess capacity of production or, alternatively, from loss of potential revenues due to low demand.

This research is the result on calculating the logical speed limit through certain process which some elements must be considered on selecting the speed limit of harbour and waterway. The suggested speed limit select model on this research is processed from 1~6 steps by forming a professional group of experts. Each step has its information which 1st step(water division), 2nd step(selecting the model vessel and vessel applied with speed limit.), 3rd step(selecting the maximum and minimum speed range on each section), 4th step(evaluation on the safeness of traffic), 5th step(suggesting the appropriate speed limit), 6th step(execution and evaluation.). The appropriate speed limit was decided on consideration of the safety of maritime traffic on the range of the maximum speed and the minimum speed. This model was used to derive the appropriate speed limit on the harbour water and Busan harbour entrance waterway. As the result, the harbour water was calculated to be 6.9 knots, the appropriate speed limit of Busan entrance harbour was 9.3 knots. The present calculation of the speed limit on the approaching channel area is 10 knots, inner harbour area is 7 knots, which are similar to the result of the speed limit. This research is the first research on selecting the speed limit model and has its limits on finding the perfect speed limit result. More detailed standards on the safeness of traffic evaluation must be found and additional study is necessary on discriminating consideration of the elements. This research has its value which it provides instances of aboard cases on guidelines of selecting the speed limit.

This research aims to understand how an interdisciplinary approach could help Italian firms to enhance their offer to the market. In this perspective, authors have studied benefits and obstacles of an interdisciplinary research approach, by describing the case of RITRATTO, a project by University of Florence referents of various disciplines (agronomy, design, engineering, history and marketing).

Peu de recherches ont été réalisées sur les cours numériques en français. Donc, ce papier a pour but d'examiner les effets de cours numériques offerts dans les classes françaises d'université. Nous avons une expérience d’avoir donné trois types de classes numériques comme la grammaire française, la traduction et l'écoute. Ces trois ont été organisés par une méthode hybride, en ligne et en présentiel pendant un semestre. À partir de cette expérience, nous avons retenu quelques particularités liées aux cours numériques. Il existe quelques points positifs aussi bien que négatifs. Parmi les points positifs, nous pouvons mentionner les possibilités d'inciter les étudiants à développer leurs potentiels et de faire travailler en coopération avec d'autres. Les points négatifs sont liés à l'incapacité de vérifier comment les étudiants travaillent ou s'ils travaillent réellement en ligne. Et le professeur doit être toujours vigilant aux questions posées par les étudiants. Cela donne un fardeau au professeur.

이 논문에서 영화 제작자가 사용하곤 했던 불교적 가르침의 렌즈를 통해 서 2011년도 영화 <삼사라(Samsara)>를 고찰했을 뿐 아니라, 영화가 드러 내는 윤회계에서의 그 존재를 탐구하기 위해 이러한 가르침을 사용하였다.􄤋 먼저 텍사스 포트워스(Forth Worth)의 텍사스 기독교 대학(Texas Christian University)에서 반조학(反照學) 동호회를 대상으로 한 영화를 서술하면서 윤회와 자신과의 상호 작용에 대한 간략한 계보 및 벨기에의 종교·문학·역사 국제협회(International Society for Religion, Literature and Culture) 에서 영화에 대해 강의한 원고로 시작하였다. 그 다음 섹션에서는 영화 제작자들이 자신들의 영화를“비언어적, 안내하 는 명상이라고 묘사하기 때문에 영화 <삼사라>에 존재하는 반조적 요소들에 초점을 맞추어 요약하였다. 그리고 최근의 세 학술서들의 출판에서 분명하 게 드러나는 이 주제에 대한 학술적 관심을 고려하면서 불교와 영화라는 주 제를 기술하였다. 마지막에는 윤회에서 인간의 조건에 대한 묘사에 초점을 맞추면서 상호 의존, 무상(無常, anicca), 고(苦, duh.kha) 등과 같은 원리들을 사용하여 영 화에 대한 불교적 해석을 제시하였다. 이 섹션에서는 또한 영화 제작자들의 시간 묘사, 고, 기타 불교와 관련된 주제들을 검토하였다. 이와 같은 불교적 해석을 미국의 영화 비평가들이 제기한 해석들과 서로 비교함으로써 이 영 화를 윤회에 대한 불교적 이해를 탐구하는 반조의 도구로서 고찰하는 것으 로 결론을 맺었다.

In the advent a new market that didn’t exist a few years ago, the total sales in wearable devices could top $32.2 billion by 2019, up from $18.9 billion last year (Kharif 2015). The most anticipated new device is the Apple Smart Watch which has a function to detect pulse rate and send messages using voice commands (There is a gold version for $10,000). Further, Tag Heuer recently announces a partnership with Intel and Google to produce the world's first luxury Android Wear Smartwatch. Given that the high potential to do some research in this area (i.e., luxury brand alliances), little research examines luxury brand strategy and especially luxury ingredient branding (IB) strategy. This study explores the evaluations of and attitudes to the host luxury brand after IB alliances. An ingredient branding (IB), the incorporation of parent brand with another brand as ingredient (Desai and Keller 2002), allows two brands to have better market competitiveness (Simonin and Ruth 1998). The IB parent brand is the “host,” the main product, and the “ingredient,” a component that is integrated into the host. For example, Dell computer (the host) has a co-branding relationship with Intel as the ingredient (Intel, 2006). Both brands enjoy the benefits of the relationship that include mutual cooperation and knowledge sharing. The IB strategy has valuable benefits for both brands. For example, the host (i.e., Dell) may enjoy an enhanced market reputation, while the ingredient brand (i.e., Intel) may benefit by reducing the probability of entry by competitors. Further, Dell receives a preferential price from Intel, while Intel enjoys a stable and long-term customer. Current research on ingredient branding examines the determinants of IB success (Desai and Keller 2002) as well as the feedback effect on a parent brand subsequent to an IB alliances (Rodrigue and Biswas 2004). IB feedback effect involves changes in consumer attitudes toward the original parent brand resulting from the IB alliances. Extant research in this topic shows positive effects of IB strategy for the host (e.g., Balachander and Ghose 2003). However, some other research also shows that negative effects for the host caused by an IB alliances (e.g., Votolato and Unnava 2006). This equivocal findings suggest that there are some other conditions generating positive and negative effects of IB strategy for the host. Thus, the purpose of our study is to examine the conditions under which IB strategy influences negatively or positively to the host. We will focus uncovering this research gap on finding the conditions that influence positively or negatively to the host. Using ingredient brand strategy in luxury brand, we will examine how the fit of the host (Tag Heuer) and the ingredients (Google and Intel) influences the host’s brand attitude. We assume that the product fit (i.e., the host current product category: Tag Heuer watch vs the final product after IB alliances: Tag Heuer Android Wear Smartwatch) may positively influence the host’s brand attitude while the brand fit (i.e., luxury brand: Tag Heuer vs non-luxury brand: Google and Intel) may negatively influence the host’s brand attitude. Further, we will examine the role of Brand Engagement in Self-Concept (BESC) as a moderator in this relationship (Sprott, Czellar, and Spangenberg 2009).

There is relatively little evidence on how social media marketing activities influence brand equity creation and consumers’ behavior towards the brand. We explore these relationships by analyzing pioneering brands in the luxury sector (Burberry, Dior, Gucci, Hermès, and Louis Vuitton). Based on a survey of 845 luxury brand consumers (Chinese, French, Indian and Italian) who follow the five brands studied on social media, we developed a structural equation model that helps to address gaps in prior social media branding literature. Specifically, our study demonstrates the links between social media marketing efforts – measured as a holistic concept incorporating five aspects (entertainment, interaction, trendiness, customization and word of mouth) and their consequences (brand preference, price premium and loyalty).

Osteoclasts originated from hematopoietic stem cells are multi-nucleated cells that can resorb the bone matrix. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) signaling pathway is crucial for the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. In this study, we investigated for the first time whether or not RANKL induced mitogen- and stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1) phosphorylation at Ser 376. Activation of MSK1 was detected as soon as 5 min after RANKL stimulation and sparsely detected at 30 min after stimulation. RANKL-induced MSK1 phosphorylation occurred in a dose-dependent manner. MSK1 is known as a downstream signaling molecule of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Treatment with the PKA inhibitor H89 significantly suppressed c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) induction upon RANKL stimulation. In addition, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation was extremely inhibited by H89 treatment. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been investigated for induction of MSK1 phosphorylation. Specific signaling pathway inhibitors for p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) significantly blocked RANKL-induced MSK1 activation. Finally, as a downstream effector of the p38-MSK1 pathway, c-Fos transcriptional activity was determined. RANKL-mediated elevation of c-Fos transcriptional activity was significantly suppressed by p38 inhibitor. Moreover, a dominant negative form of CREB suppressed activation of NFATc1. In conclusion, RANKL-stimulated MSK1 phosphorylation could play a role in induction of NFATc1 through CREB and c-Fos activation as a downstream molecule of p38, ERK MAPKs, and PKA. Our results support basic information for the development of osteoclast specific inhibitors.

To date, most serodiagnostic methods for brucellosis screening are based on antibodies against lipopolysaccharides of Brucella spp. However, this approach has the drawback of yielding false-positive results due to cross-reactivity with lipopolysaccharides of other related pathogens, especially Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. In this study, Brucella abortus AspC was cloned and expressed by PCR amplification into a pCold TF expression system to obtain recombinant AspC (rAspC). The immunogenicity of rAspC was confirmed by western blotting of Brucella-positive bovine serum. rAspC-based ELISA was performed to determine whether rAspC could be used in the serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis. rAspC reacted strongly with anti-Brucella antibodies in positive sera in the tube agglutination test (TAT), but did not show strong reaction with most negative samples. In particular, the average OD492 value at the highest TAT titer showed a 1.4-fold increase with respect to the cutoff value. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of rAspC were 71.88%, 78.33%, and 68%, respectively. These findings suggest that rAspC might be valuable for the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis.

본 연구는 숲의 종류에 따른 노인들의 산림치유 효과를 분석하기 위하여 실시하였다. 숲의 종류는 상수리나무숲과 편백나무숲이며 덕진노인복지회관을 이용하는 평균 72.2세의 노인 23명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 숲 체류 전과 30분 체 류 후에 기분상태평가와 뇌파를 측정하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 뇌파분석결과 상수리나무숲에서 안정 및 이완 효과의 빈도는 높았으나 효과의 정도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며 편백나무숲에서는 안정 및 이완 효과의 빈도와 정도 모두 높았으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 숲의 유형에 따라 α파 발생량은 숲종류별로 차이가 없었으나 β파 발생량은 편백나무 숲에서 높았으며 두 숲 사이에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 기분상태 분석결과 상수리나무숲과 편백나무숲은 기분상태를 긍정적으로 개선하는데 효과가 있었으나 숲 종류별로는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 생리적 지표와 심리적 지표의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 상수리나무숲에서는 뇌파 변화량과 기분상태평가 점수 사이에 관계성은 없었으나 편백나무숲에서는 절대 알파파의 변화량과 기분상태평가 총점 변화량 사이에 정적 관계가 나타났다.

The study investigated the relationship between parental attention, educational experience and criminal behaviour of students in Borstal Institutions. The purpose was to improve the quality of parent-child relationships and reduce juvenile criminality in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive correlation type survey. The target population consisted of 1,394 juvenile offenders who were housed at the Borstal Institutions. The sample comprised of 450 participants who were randomly selected using a balloting (hat and draw) method of simple random sampling. Two researcher-constructed instruments were used in the study, namely: a “Criminal Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ)” and a “Parental Attention & Educational Experience Questionnaire (PAEEQ)”. Data was analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical method. The findings revealed that a significant relationship existed between parental attention and criminal behaviour; and between educational experience and criminal behaviour of students in Borstal Institutions.Itwas concluded that adequate parental love, warmth, care, attention are imperative for effective parenting and child rearing.

We experimentally tested the effect of presenting a garment on a contextualized versus decontextualized setting on an online clothing store. A contextualized setting improves perceived plausibility and processing fluency. It increases the perceived similarity with the actual clothing and enhances perception that it should fit well on one’s body.

Tokyo trial experienced a judgment circumscribed for a long period for publication during allied occupation years. This is Justice Pal’s dissenting judgment at the Tokyo trial; endeavored to seek Justice in a different way, justified ‘aggression’ not only considering subjective ends, rather extends beyond that. The present paper does not intend to justify the judgment which exceeds author’s competence, but also tries to extract the notion of aggression where Justice Radhabinod Pal is experimental. Where all acts are not act of aggression, the main concern is to segregate the concept of act of war and the act of aggression. Assertion becomes crucial when certain use of force can be legitimized under sovereign right of self-defense. This paper tends to clarify these ambiguities concerning the notion of aggression relying on Justice Pal’s opinion. Firstly, a progressive attempt has been made to identify the extent of use of force under sovereign right of self-defense, overriding that extent may tantamount to aggression. Then possible means have been drawn to limit the concept of aggression. Finally, the paper would shed brief light on the comparison of Justice Pal’s dissenting opinion with contemporaneous legal framework predominantly concerning the notion of aggression.

Beyond transnational litigation which seeks to hold corporations accountable for their misconduct overseas through judicial recourse, the risk of human rights abuses should be mitigated by embedding good practices locally through domestic laws and policies. The United Nations proposed Guiding Principles for transnational and other businesses for this purpose in 2011. It has been suggested that National Actions Plans should give effect, or at the very least policy coherence, to the international standards enshrined in the Guiding Principles. This article argues that, properly devised, such plans are invaluable, and can help to reinforce regional imperatives under international law. In Southeast Asia, particularly, the prospect of corporate accountability should be measured by existing or emergent regulatory norms in ASEAN, a regional bloc that aims to achieve parity of rules and regulations across the ten countries through economic integration.

WFIRST microlensing observations will return high-precision parallaxes, σ(π) . 0.3 μas, for the roughly 1 million stars with H < 14 in its 2.8 deg2 field toward the Galactic bulge. Combined with its 40,000 epochs of high precision photometry (∼ 0.7 mmag at Hvega = 14 and ∼ 0.1 mmag at H = 8), this will yield a wealth of asteroseismic data of giant stars, primarily in the Galactic bulge but including a substantial fraction of disk stars at all Galactocentric radii interior to the Sun. For brighter stars, the astrometric data will yield an external check on the radii derived from the two asteroseismic parameters, the large-frequency separation h
νnli and the frequency of maximum oscillation power νmax, while for the fainter ones, it will enable a mass measurement from the single measurable asteroseismic parameter νmax. Simulations based on Kepler data indicate that WFIRST will be capable of detecting oscillations in stars from slightly less luminous than the red clump to the tip of the red giant branch, yielding roughly 1 million detections.