This study analyzed the effects of consumer confusion on shopping fatigue and negative purchasing behaviors in an internet shopping environment. Further, the effects of shopping fatigue on negative purchasing behaviors were analyzed. The survey was conducted among consumers in their 20s and 40s in the Seoul metropolitan area who had experience of purchasing fashion products through internet shopping. A total of 392 questionnaire were analysis, with frequency, reliability, factor, correlation, and regression analysis completed using the SPSS statistics program. The results of the study showed that consumer confusion and shopping fatigue in internet shopping environment affected negative purchasing behaviors. First, consumer confusion comprised overload confusion, similarity confusion, and ambiguity confusion. It was found that overload confusion and similarity confusion significantly affected shopping fatigue. Second, shopping fatigue significantly affected negative purchasing behaviors, and an increased level of shopping fatigue result in, increased purchase delay and non-purchase behavior. Third, consumer confusion (overload confusion, similarity confusion, ambiguity confusion) significantly affected purchase delay behavior, while similarity confusion and ambiguity confusion significantly affected non-purchasing behavior. These results will provide useful data for e-CRM and marketing directions of internet companies and will contribute to rational decision-making of internet consumers and improve the quality of consumer life.

This study aimed to explore alignments among three curricula based on the contents of the university level curriculum. The 2015 revised curriculum, International Baccalaureate(IB), and Next Generation Science Standards(NGSS) were selected for this study, and a college textbook was analyzed to compare the curricula. As the age groups studying the curricular were different, we reorganized them according to school ages prior to conducting the study. The results of the analysis were: first, the contents of the 2015 revised curriculum did not sufficiently elaborate on the natural hazards related to humans, unlike the university level, IB PYP, and NGSS curricula. Third, there are different ways of introducing scientific vocabulary curricula, meaning that the number of scientific vocabularies in the 2015 revised curriculum was less than that in the IB, PYP, and NGSS.

본 연구는 국내 유통되는 액상 유제품에 함유된 17종의 과불화화합물 (PFCs) 함량에 대한 모니터링을 위해 수행되었다. 샘플을 액체-액체 추출을 통해 추출하고 LC-MS/ MS로 정량 분석하였다. 시중에 유통중인 98개의 액상 유제품 샘플에서 PFCs의 모니터링을 진행하였으며 그 결과, PFTeDA를 제외한 16종의 PFCs가 검출되었다. 총 PFCs의 함량은 0.9037 ng/mL로 액상 우유에서 가장 높았으며, PFPeA, PFDS, PFHxA도 액상우유에서 0.1 ng/mL 이상의 농도 수준을 보였다. 미국과 이탈리아에서 수행한 연구와 비교했을 때 PFOA와 PFOS의 잔류 패턴은 유사한 것으 로 나타났으며, 농도 수준은 0.1 ng/mL 미만이었다. 액상 유제품은 다양한 가공단계(살균, 혼합, 지방제거 등)를 거쳐 총 PFCs의 함량이 감소하는 것으로 보여지며, 특히 짧은 탄소 사슬을 가진 PFCs가 크게 감소하거나 검출되지 않았다. 이는 식품 안전에서 원료의 PFOS와 PFOA의 잔류정도가 중요하다는 것을 의미한다.

In this study, the layered structures of immiscible Fe and Cu metals were employed to investigate the interface evolution through solid-state mixing. The pure Fe and Cu powders were cold-consolidated by high-pressure torsion (HPT) to fabricate a layered Cu-Fe-Cu structure. The microstructural evolutions and flow of immiscible Fe and Cu metals were investigated following different iterations of HPT processing. The results indicate that the HPTprocessed sample following four iterations showed a sharp chemical boundary between the Fe and Cu layers. In addition, the Cu powders exhibited perfect consolidation through HPT processing. However, the Fe layer contained many microcracks. After 20 iterations of HPT, the shear strain generated by HPT produced interface instability, which caused the initial layered structure to disappear.

GF-AAS와 수은분석기를 이용하여 납, 비소, 카드뮴 및 수은의 회수율로 정확도를 측정한 결과 92.67-102.56% 범위에서 측정되었고, 정밀도를 측정한 결과 0.21-6.00 RSD%의 재현성을 보였으며, CODEX guideline에서 규정하는 범위에 적합하였다. 또한, FAPAS QC material을 검증결과, 회수율은 96.7-102.0%, 재현성은 0.33-4.93 RSD%로 우수한 결과를 나타냈다. 한약재 430건의 평균 Pb 함량은 254.9 μg/kg (N.D.-2,515.2)이었고, 평균 As 함량은 171.0 μg/kg (N.D.- 2,465.2)이었으며, 평균 Cd 함량은 99.2 μg/kg (N.D.-797.1), 평균 Hg 함량은 6.0 μg/kg (N.D.-83.6)이었다. 분석 결과 우리나라에 유통되는 한약재 20종은 식품의약품안전처에서 규정하는 한약재의 중금속 함량에 대한 허용기준 이내의 결과로 모두 안전한 수준의 한약재로 나타났다. 이를 토대로 한약 규격품 제조업소를 품질관리의 기준으로 하여 유통되기 직전의 가공 포장 과정에서의 한약재 중 납, 비소, 카드뮴 및 수은의 함량을 조사하여 한약재 내 중금속 함량 실태를 파악하고, 국민에게 안전하고 우수한 한약재를 공급하기 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Hydrolyzed proteins have an advantage over intact proteins in terms of their rate of digestion and absorption. The high-pressure enzymatic extraction (HPE) method has been shown to improve the quality characteristics of hydrolysates from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) larvae (PBSL). This study investigated the effects of the HPE treatment period, a key candidate factor, on the quality characteristics of PBSL HPE hydrolysates. The hydrolysates were prepared by HPE for 0, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h under optimized conditions—solid:solvent ratio (1:14 [w/v]), using complex proteases (Alcalase:Flavorzyme:Bromelain = 1:1:1, 4%), treatment temperature (50oC), and pressure level (100 MPa). All quality characteristics tended to be superior with longer HPE treatment periods, most of which had the highest values at 30 h, with no significant difference or a slight decrease after that. The quality characteristics of the PBSL HPE hydrolysates were improved by 1.3-1.7 times under conditions of optimal HPE treatment period.

It is dicult for observers to conduct an optical alignment at an observatory without the assistance of an optical engineer if optomechanical parts are to be replaced at night. We present a prac- tical tilt correction method to obtain the optimal optical alignment condition using the symmetricity of optical aberrations of a wide-eld on-axis telescope at night. We conducted coarse tilt correction by visually examining the symmetry of two representative star shapes obtained at two guide chips facing each other, such as east{west or north{south pairs. After coarse correction, we observed four sets of small stamp images using four guide cameras located at each cardinal position by changing the focus positions in 10-m increments and passing through the optimum focus position in the range of 200 m. The standard deviation of each image, as a function of the focus position, was tted with a second-order polynomial function to derive the optimal focus position at each cardinal edge. We derived the tilt angles from the slopes converted by the distance and the focus position dierence between two paired guide chip combinations such as east{west and north{south. We used this method to collimate the on-axis wide-eld telescope KMTNet in Chile after replacing two old focus actuators. The total optical alignment time was less than 30 min. Our method is practical and straightforward for maintaining the optical performance of wide-eld telescopes such as KMTNet.

Due to growing concerns regarding the effectiveness of full-scale online education, this study investigated motivational regulation strategies employed by tertiary-level English as a foreign language (EFL) learners taking a writing course via Zoom. Using a mixed method, this study examined a dataset comprising questionnaire responses of 154 Korean students with two proficiency levels and subsequent semi-structured interviews. Findings showed that the learners with a high English proficiency level utilized the instructor’s feedback significantly more than those having a low proficiency level. The high proficiency group also appreciated the Zoom context and the university-wide policy of English-medium instruction (EMI) significantly better than the other group. Finally, correlation analysis revealed significant relationship between the students’ uses of motivational regulation strategies and their responses to the context-dependent factors. For example, the strategic choice of instructor feedback was positively related to their perception of EMI. These findings are discussed for effective online EFL writing instruction in the post-pandemic era.

Background: Patients with dysphagia after stroke are treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), but its effect on masseter muscle thickness and bite force in the oral phase is not well known. Objectives: To investigated the effect of NMES on masseter muscle thickness and occlusal force in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Design: Two group, pre-post design. Methods: In this study, 25 patients with dysphagia after stroke were recruited and allocated to either the experimental or the control groups. Patients in the experimental group were treated with NMES to the masseter muscle at the motor level for 30 minutes and were additionally treated with traditional swallowing rehabilitation for 30 minutes. In contrast, patients in the control group were only treated with traditional swallowing rehabilitation for 30 minutes. Masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography before and after intervention, and bite force was measured using an bite force meter. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvement in masseter muscle thickness and bite force compared to the control group. Conclusion: NMES combined with traditional dysphagia rehabilitation is effective in improving masseter muscle thickness and bite force in patients with dysphagia after stroke.

Background: Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by an impaired static balance. A change in poor posture after stroke may worsen static balance. The balance control through an upright posture may include kinesiology taping of the middle back. Objectives: To investigated the effect of kinesiology taping of middle back on static balance in patients with stroke. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 10 patients with stroke were divided into two groups. The experimental and control groups received kinesiology taping and placebo taping of the middle back, respectively. After 24 h, static balance (i.e., sway area and path length) was measured in closed eyes condition. Results: The experimental group (kinesiology taping group) showed a significant decrease in sway area and path length after the intervention. In addition, kinesiology taping group showed a significant decrease in sway area and path length compared to the control group. Conclusion: Kinesiology taping of the middle back can improve static balance in stroke patients.

Background: More women than men experience genu recurvatum, which can lead to knee pain and arthritis if left unattended. Pilates combined with taping is a suitable rehabilitation method for women with genu recurvatum. Objectives: To aimed the effect of taping and Pilates stabilization exercise on physical alignment and improvement of genu recurvatum in women with genu recurvatum. Design: A Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one women were divided into three groups: taping group (back of knee taping and quadriceps femoris taping, n=7), Pilates exercise group (hip, knee and abdominal muscles exercise, n=7), and combined group (taping with pilates exercise, n=7). The measured variables were sagittal plane alignment and back and abdominal muscle, knee flexor and extensor strength. Results: After the intervention, all sagittal plane alignments were significantly improved in both the Pilates and combined groups. Sagittal plane alignment was significantly improved in the combined group compared with the taping group. Back and abdominal muscle strength were significantly improved in the Pilates and combined groups compared with the taping group. Knee flexor and extensor were significantly improved in the combined group compared with the Pilates group and in the Pilates group compared with the taping group. Conclusion: Pilates exercise with taping or Pilates exercise alone was effective intervention methods to improve physical alignment and strength in women with genu recurvatum.

This study aims to investigate the effect of an aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN) coating on tool wear and hole quality in the conventional drilling process of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, titanium alloy (Ti), and CFRP–Ti stack workpieces popular in the aerospace industry. The advanced arc plasma acceleration (APA) method of physical vapor deposition (PVD) was used for all AlCrN coatings. The drilling experiments were conducted with uncoated drills as well as AlCrN-coated drills. When drilling CFRP only, the AlCrN coating was removed at the drill cutting edges and the margin area, which suggests the carbon fibers abraded the coatings. When drilling Ti only, the AlCrN-coated drill mitigated the Ti adhesion formation, which resulted in less tool wear. In addition, hole quality for both CFRP and Ti was improved when the coating was used versus the uncoated tool. The machinability of CFRP–Ti stacks in the drilling process was improved by utilizing the advanced AlCrN coating on the WC tool in terms of drilling forces and hole quality parameters such as average hole size, average hole roundness, hole surface roughness, and Ti exit burr height.

본 연구는 안면 마스크 착용에 따른 피부 스트레스 인식도와 뷰티 케어 현황조사를 목적으로 2021년 3월 11일-3월 27일 까지 210명을 대상으로 온라인과 오프라인을 이용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 25.0을 이용하여 Cronbach's α, Frequency Analysis, chi-square test, One way Anova로 분석하였다. 코로나19 기간 중 일일 평균 마스크 착용 시간은 43.8%가 7시간 이상이며, 마스크 착용에 의한 피부 스트레스 인식도는 30대(M=4.27)와 서비스직(M=4.64)이 가장 높고 여드름, 피부 트러블(M=4.47) 고민이 있는 사람이 스트레스를 높게 인식하였다. 홈 케어 시 중요 요소는 클렌징(67.6%)이, 뷰티 케어 현황에서는 피부 관리(36.7%)가 가장 높았다. 뷰티 케어 선택 시 고려 사항은 서비스 및 고객관리 능력이 54.3%, 체형관리를 위한 방법은 운동이 45.7%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과 안면 마스크의 장시간 사용으로 인해 피부 스트레스가 많이 인식되고 있으며 코로나 상황에 의해 피부 관리실 이용이 불안해짐에 따라 홈 케어 관리가 늘어난 것으로 나타났다.

The aims of this study are to explore the experiences of modern Korean women who experience childbirth and to examine the perceptions of body and appearance in everyday life and how fashion provides a means of self-expression. The study utilizes focused ethnography (a qualitative research method) of cultural technology magazines, conducted to observe women’s behavior and language, and to explore their life values, such as beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in fashion style in everyday life. The purpose of this study is to reveal the actual meaning of childbirth, the resulting change in appearance, and patterns of specific style expression. This will enable a better understanding of the experiences of married women with children in Korea using vivid language, by which an in-depth understanding of their lives may be promoted. A survey of 24 women (aged 25~40) who had experienced pregnancy and childbirth were included in the study, categorized as early pregnancy, pre-birth, and post-birth parenting. Subcategories were derived as “unfeasible pregnancy,” “unpredictable and unprepared anxiety,” “self-awareness of changing bodies,” “pressure on healthy bodies,” “opportunity to let go of pressure on appearance management,” “pressure on hard parenting,” and “experience of change in unmanaged areas.” Pregnant women and women with children demonstrated tastes and preferences in style suitable for differentiated situations and roles, along with perceptions of appearance.

Unarmored dinoflagellates, in the family Kareniaceae, include harmful or toxic bloom-forming species, which are associated with massive fish kills and mortalities of marine organisms worldwide. The occurrence and distribution of the toxigenic species in the family Kareniaceae were investigated in the brackish and coastal waters of Korea between July 2018 and October 2020. During the survey, we collected seven newly recorded species; Karenia papilionacea, Karlodinium digitatum, Karl. veneficum, Karl. zhouanum, Takayama acrotrocha, T. helix, and T. tasmanica. A total of fifteen strains of the seven taxa were successfully established as clonal cultures and examined using LM, SEM, and molecular phylogeny inferred from LSU rDNA sequences. Herein, we present the taxonomic information, morphological features, and molecular phylogenetic positions of the unrecorded dinoflagellate species collected from Korean coastal waters.

목적 : 초기 녹내장 환자를 대상으로 시기능이 일상생활에서의 시력의 질에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 서울시 KU 대학교 병원 안과에서 본 연구에 참여 의사를 밝힌 초기 녹내장 환자 20명을 대상으로 하였다. 녹내장 환자의 시기능을 측정하기 위해 대비시력, 대비감도, 시야결손, 입체시력을 측정하였고, NEI VFQ-25 설문지를 이용하여 시기능을 평가하였다. 모든 측정값은 SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 초기 녹내장 환자의 경우 저대비 시력이 정상안보다 저하되었고, 시력저하와 시야결손은 일상생활의 시각적 ‘활동의존성’과 상관성이 있었다(p<0.050). Better eye의 3 cpd 및 12 cpd 대비감도는 ‘원거리 시생활’의 불 편함과, worse eye의 18 cpd 대비감도는 ‘근거리 시력’, ‘주변 시생활’ 및 ‘전반적인 시기능’과, 양안의 12 cpd 대 비감도는 전반적인 시기능저하와 관련이 있었다(p<0.050). 근거리 입체시력은 ‘역할의 제한’과 관련이 있어 취미나 직업 등의 활동에 제한이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 시야결손이 적은 초기 녹내장 환자에서 시력, 대비감도 및 입체시력의 저하와 시야감소는 시생활의 질을 저하시키는 것으로 나타났다.

목적 : 젊은 성인 근시안에서 연령, 굴절이상도, 각막굴절력, 동공크기, 동공중심이동이 고위수차에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법 : 안과질환과 각막굴절교정술 경험이 없고, 20세에서 39세 사이의 젊은 성인 근시안 200명을 대상으로 I-Profilerplus(Zeiss, Berlin, Germany)를 사용하여 고위수차 및 굴절이상도, 각막굴절력, 동공크기, 동공중심 이동을 측정하였으며, 고위수차에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해서 분석하였다. 결과 : 20~30대 젊은 근시안에서 안구의 전체 고위수차는 나이가 많을수록 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고 (p<0.001), 수평 코마, 수직 코마, 구면수차는 음(-)의 방향으로 증가하였다(all, p<0.001). 안구의 전체 고위수 차는 등가구면굴절력이 음(-)의 방향으로 증가할수록 음(-)의 방향으로 증가하였고(p<0.001), 구면수차는 양(+) 의 방향으로 증가하였다(p=0.004). 또한, 평균 각막굴절력이 증가하면 전체 고위수차와 구면수차는 음(-)의 방향 으로 증가하고(p<0.001, p=0.025), 수평 코마수차와 수직 코마수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였다(p=0.001, p<0.001). 동공크기가 클수록 수직 트레포일과 구면수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고(all, p<0.001), 동공중 심 이동량이 귀 방향으로 증가할수록 수평 코마수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였고(r=0.207, p=0.003), 위 방 향으로 증가할수록 수직 코마수차는 양(+)의 방향으로 증가하였다(r=0.446, p<0.001). 결론 : 젊은 성인 근시안의 고위수차는 나이, 굴절이상도, 각막굴절력, 동공크기, 동공중심 이동에 따라 변할 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 수평 코마, 수직 코마, 구면수차를 제어한 안경렌즈 및 콘택트렌즈를 설계할 경우 기초 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Radioactive materials from nuclear power facilities can be released into the atmosphere through various channels. Recently, the dispersion of radioactive materials has become critical issue in Korea after Kori Unit 1 and Wolsong Unit 1 were permanently shut down. In this study, annual atmospheric dispersion factors were compared based on the continuous release and purge release using the XOQDOQ computer program, a method for calculating atmospheric dispersion factors at commercial nuclear power stations. The meteorological data analyzed in this study was based on the Shin Kori nuclear power meteorological tower which has the largest operating nuclear power plants in Korea, for three years (from 2008 to 2010). The analysis results of the dispersion factor of the radioactive material release obtained using the XOQDOQ program showed that the difference between the continuous release and purge release was within two times. This study will be valuable helpful for revealing the uncertainty of the predictive atmospheric dispersion factor to achieve regulation.

목적 : 컴퓨터를 많이 사용하는 대학생을 대상으로 온라인 학습 환경과 CVS 자각증상을 조사하여 CVS 증상 예방조치를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 2021년 3월부터 4월까지 온라인 설문조사에 동의한 대학생 140명을 대상으로 하였다. 대상자들의 평균 연령은 19.87±1.48세로 남학생과 여학생은 각각 70명(50.0%) 이었다. 연구 도구는 대상자의 일반적인 특성(4), 온라인 학습 환경 특성(12), CVS 자각증상(16) 총 32문항의 설문지를 이용하였다. 결과 : 대상자의 CVS 증상은 ‘건조함’(69.3%)이 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났으며, ‘시력이 나빠지는 느낌’(62.9%), ‘두통’(60.7%), ‘눈의 통증’(53.6%), ‘눈꺼풀 무거움’(50.7%)순으로 많이 나타났다. 컴퓨터 사용시간이 8시간 이상 인 그룹의 CVS 증상 발생 빈도가 높았으며, 온라인 학습동안 규칙적으로 휴식하지 않는 그룹이 휴식을 하는 그룹 보다 모든 CVS 증상에서 발생 빈도가 높았고 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론 : 온라인 학습 환경과 CVS 자각증상을 확인하였다. 컴퓨터 사용 시간이 길수록 CVS 증상의 발생빈도는 높았으며, 온라인 학습동안 규칙적으로 휴식하는 것이 CVS 증상의 빈도를 감소시키는 것을 확인하였고, 규칙적인 눈 운동 필요 인식이 높은 결과를 확인하였다. 따라서 온라인 학습동안 올바른 눈 운동과 휴식 방법의 홍보와 교육이 필요하다고 생각한다.

본 논문은 신성한 텍스트로서의 성경이 해석학적 관점에서 이해되고 해석될 수 있다라는 가능성에 대해서 논의를 진행하려고 한다. 성서를 이해하는 데 있어서 과연 문학적 이론을 적용할 수 있는가에 대한 질문을 할 수 있다. 19세기 에 프리드리히 슐라이어마허가 성서와 문학적 관점의 상호 연관성의 가능성에 대해서 연구하기 시작한 이후로, 성서 해석학은 다양한 형태로 꾸준히 발전되어 오고 있다. 신의 말씀을 기록한 성경은 신성의 권위를 내제하고 있다. 그러나 그럼에도 불구하고 성서 해석학의 근본적인 전제들 중의 하나는 성경은 구체적인 역사적 상황 안에서 어느 특정한 저자에 의해서 그리고 인간의 언어로 기록 되었다라는 것이다. 폴리쾨르는 포괄적인 해석학의 구조를 형성함으로써 성경이 하나의 텍스트로서 문학 이론의 관점에서 이해되고 해석되어질 수 있다라는 가능성을 보여주기 위해서 노력하였다. 특히 리쾨르는 성서에 드러나는 신의 계시와 다양한 형태의 담론과의 관계를 연구하였다. 그리고 그는 각 담론 안에서 신의 계시의 다양성을 지적하였다. 또한 텍스트와 공동체의 관계 안에서 성경의 정전이 어떻게 확립되는지에 대한 과정이 연구되어야 한다. 텍스트는 공동체를 규정하고, 공동체는 동시에 텍스트를 규정하기 때문에 둘은 서로 상호작용을 하는 관계에 있다.