L2 learners’ target language use has been examined for various purposes, including assessment of the learners’ proficiency and examination of the process of language learning. That is, target language use in the real life tasks on the level as automatized as that of native speakers represents the goal of L2 learning. More importantly, however, target language use has been proposed as a process that provides the learning opportunities, particularly since 1980s by communicative approach to SLA. Until the learners can communicate effortlessly without being conscious of the form of the language, how learners’ attention and awareness are or should be directed to the language form and meaning has been an important issue among the recent SLA theories, summarized as the interface/non-interface debate. This paper discusses how different major SLA theories view learners’ attention and awareness of language form during language use and how it has been measured for both process and result research. Finally, a recent neurobiolobical SLA model is introduced in terms of its methodological and theoretical contribution to SLA research.

연구에서는, 전기방사법을 이용하여 산화철-산화그래핀(Fe3O4/GO, metallic graphene oxide; MGO)이 도입된 PVdF/MGO 복합나노섬유(PMG)를 제조하였으며, 이를 활용하여 비소제거에 대한 특성 평가를 진행하였다. MGO의 경우 In-situ-wet chemical 방법으로 제조하였으며, FT-IR, XRD분석을 진행하여, 형태와 구조를 확인하였다. 나노섬유 분리막의 기 계적 강도 개선을 위하여 열처리과정을 진행하였으며, 제조된 분리막의 우수한 기계적 강도 개선 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나, PMG 막의 경우, 도입된 MGO의 함량이 증가할수록 기계적 강도가 감소되는 경향성을 보여주었으며, 기공크기 분석 결과로부터, 0.3~0.45 μm의 기공크기를 가진 다공성 분리막이 제조되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 수처리용 분리막으로의 활용 가능성 조사를 위해, 수투과도 분석을 실시하였다. 특히, PMG2.0 샘플의 경우 0.3 bar 조건에서, PVdF 나노섬유막(91 kg/m2h)에 비해 약 70% 향상된 결과값(153 kg/m2h)을 나타내었다. 또한, 비소 흡착실험 결과로부터, PMG 막의 경우, 비소3 가와 5가에 최대 81%, 68%의 높은 제거율을 보여주었으며, 흡착등온선 분석으로부터, 제조된 PMG 막의 경우 비소3가, 5가 모두 Freundlich 흡착거동을 따른다는 것을 확인하였다. 위 모든 결과로부터, PVdF/MGO 복합 나노섬유 분리막은 비소제거 및 수처리용 분리막으로 충분히 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

La1-xBaxMnO3 (x = 0.30, 0.35 and 0.40) samples have been prepared by solid-state reaction method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study showed that all the samples crystallized in a rhombohedral structure with an R-3c space group. Variation of the magnetization as a function of the temperature and applied magnetic field was carried out. All the samples revealed ferromagnetic to paramagnetic (FM-PM) phase transition at the Curie temperature TC ~ 342 K. The magnetic entropy change was also studied through examination of the measured magnetic isotherms M(H, T) near TC. The magnetocaloric effect was calculated in terms of the isothermal magnetic entropy change. The maximum entropy change reaches a value of 1.192 J/ kgK under a magnetic field change of 2.5T for the La0.6Ba0.4MnO3 composition. The relative cooling power (RCP) is 79.31 J/ kg for the same applied magnetic field.

The characteristics of aqueous lithium recovery by ion exchange were studied using three commercial cation exchange resins: CMP28 (porous type strong acid exchange resin), SCR-B (gel type strong acid exchange resin) and WK60L (porous type weak acid exchange resin). CMP28 was the most effective material for aqueous lithium recovery; its performance was even enhanced by modifying the cation with K+. A comparison to Na+ and H+ form resins demonstrated that the performance enhancement is reciprocally related to the electronegativity of the cation form. Further kinetic and equilibrium isotherm studies with the K+ form CMP28 showed that aqueous lithium recovery by ion exchange was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order rate equation and the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum ion exchange capacity of aqueous lithium recovery was found to be 14.28 mg/g and the optimal pH was in the region of 4-10.

Metadiscourse has been recognized as an important aspect of effective persuasive discourse. In this study, we explore how metadiscourse features are deployed by 34 EFL undergraduate students to make their non-discipline persuasive texts effective. We find that students grasp at least some of the metadiscourse resources available to them, but are relatively limited in rhetorical sophistication. In fact, transitions, frame markers, code glosses and hedges were found to be critical elements contributing to student writing quality. The findings also show that both frequency and diversity of frame markers are positive predictors of overall writing quality. We also investigate the linguistic forms of metadiscourse used by the students to project stance in their writing. The students were found to have difficulty handling the range of stance construction they could take, and this was unfortunately couched in single-word modal verbs. Teachers should make the metadiscourse features of persuasive writing explicit to students to assist them in making stronger arguments.

The present study examined the comparative role of vocabulary and grammar in different test measures of L2 reading comprehension. A total of 83 students were asked to take three reading tests with a different technique each (multiple-choice, cloze, and recall), a vocabulary test, and a grammar test, and to respond to a questionnaire. The findings were as follows: 1) learners’ reading performance differed across the three reading test measures, and the two language variables exerted different influences in L2 reading as measured by the cloze test technique; and 2) concerning the comparative contribution of the two language variables to L2 reading comprehension according to learners’ L2 proficiency, the contribution was significant exclusively in the recall test, and it varied depending upon their L2 proficiency. This research demonstrates the importance of taking into account the type of test techniques in studies of the relative role of vocabulary and grammar knowledge in L2 reading.

The current study aims to examine whether topic familiarity can be associated with, and can also substantially contribute to, the testlet effect often found among items sharing a common passage in reading comprehension tests, particularly by using the Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) bifactor model as the main data analytic scheme. Data analyzed in this study were item scores collected from 830 Korean high school students who took a 8-passage, 32-item reading comprehension test (4 items per passage) and a 40-item self-reported topic familiarity questionnaire (5 items per passage). The results of analysis revealed that (a) the bifactor model best fit the test data; (b) the self-reported topic familiarity score was not correlated with the testlet factor scores at a statistically significant level; and (c) the overall topic familiarity score had a positive correlation with the general reading ability score, however. Implications of these major findings are discussed in terms of the usefulness of the bifactor model and the nature of testlet effects in reading tests, along with avenues for further investigation.

In conversation analysis (CA), wh‐questions are treated as invoking a claim that questioners have no knowledge about the information being solicited. This paper examines a particular form of wh‐questions that indexes an epistemic claim incongruent with such a claim of no knowledge. In particular, it examines wh‐questions that are marked with a committal suffix in Korean conversation, in which the committal suffix indicates that the speaker should have the information at hand. Using the method of CA, this paper shows that these wh‐questions indexing incongruent knowledge claims are used in contexts in which questioners know or should know about the information being solicited. First, they are commonly used to seek a particular piece of information questioners already know about, or should already know about, by reference to prior talk or shared knowledge with recipients. Second, wh‐questions marked with committal endings can be used as word searches. In these cases, they do not seek the other partyʹs active participation in finding solutions to the missing word(s) and thus are self‐directed. The analysis will suggest that wh‐questions with committal endings can serve to avoid a potential trouble or accountability in interaction.

Along with the increasing interest in integrated writing in L2 instruction, many studies have investigated language skills and cognitive processes involved in the task. However, relatively less is known regarding the roles of strategic and affective variables in predicting writing performance. The current study, therefore, investigates (a) how strategy, attitudinal, affective, and ability variables are related, and (b) how these variables predict performance in integrated writing. Predictor variables include proficiency, reading comprehension, vocabulary size, L2 strategy use, and attitudes toward reading and writing, and anxiety. Forty-three participants completed an L2 reading-writing integrated task, in which they read reading texts and wrote an essay summarizing the source text and arguing their opinions on the issue. Results showed that proficiency was positively related to reading-to-write strategies, and vocabulary size negatively to reading anxiety; however, ability-related variables generally had no or weak relationships with affective variables. Furthermore, only reading comprehension and reading anxiety were found to be significant predictors of performance in integrated writing.

To produce 4N grade high-purity silica powder from natural ore, the mineralogical characteristics of natural silica ore were investigated and their effects on the purification process were revealed. The Chinese silica mineral ore used was composed of iron and aluminum as main impurities and calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and titanium as trace impurities; these trace impurities generally exist as either single oxides or complex oxides. It was confirmed that liberation and acidic washing of the impurities were highly dependent on the particle size of the ground silica ore and on its mineralogical characteristics such as the distribution and phases of existing impurities. It is suggested that appropriate size reduction of silica ore should be realized for optimized purification according to the origin of the natural silica ore. A single step purification process, the mechano-chemical washing (MCW) process, was proposed and verified in comparison with the conventional multi step washing process.

예이츠는 그의 시에서 시적 효과를 극대화하기 위해 소리와 의미를 유 기적으로 조화를 이루게 하였다. 그는 현대의 복잡다단함을 나타내기 위해 다양한 운 율 형태를 사용하였다. 그는 의도적으로 다양한 두운, 자운, 모운, 운율 등을 사용하여 의미를 강조하였다. 특히 이런 운율의 대조와 유사는 예이츠의 시를 이해하는데 중요 한 역할을 한다. 예이츠는 변형 운율을 통해 전통의 부당성을 부각 시키는가 하면, 전 통적인 운율을 통해 전통적인 가치관을 묘사하기도 했다. 그러나 예이츠는 극단적으로 치우치지 않고 변형적인 운율과 전통적인 운율을 조화롭게 사용하여 인생의 조화로운 의미를 강조하였다.

This study describes how Korean college students perceive reviewing their peers’ drafts over the course of one semester and what variables might affect their review process. Twenty-six students enrolled in the teacher researcher’s two writing courses participated in this study. The data came from the students’ reflections on their peer reviews and the researcher’s observations/descriptions of the review process, and informal interviews with several students. The findings indicated that the students in this study valued peer reviews, but they were reluctant to write comments on peers’ drafts, especially at the beginning of the semester. However, toward the end of the semester, they felt more comfortable in providing written comments on peers’ drafts, particularly when they developed positive relationships with their peers. Suggestions for effective peer activity have also been provided.

The world Englishes framework gravitating around many recent models of English has initiated sharp interest in adopting intercultural awareness and its teaching/learning in English language instruction. This is because English has become ‘a heterogeneous language with multiple norms and grammars’ (Canagarajah, 2006) and no longer an international language but an ‘intercultural language’ (Sifakis, 2004). Intercultural English language teaching (IcELT) aims to create interculturally multidialectical English users among world Englishes by not only developing cultural tolerance and linguistic and cultural diversity but abating the so-called native-speakers’ linguistic and cultural dominances. For this, this article suggests eight workable IcELT guidelines which could facilitate users’ IcELT competence. This article, for its organization, first addresses why IcELT in relation to the world Englishes framework should be dealt in the contemporary ELT arena. Secondly, it suggests the eight IcELT guidelines along with some classroom techniques; thus, teachers of English language will benefit in his/her future lesson plans.

Fatigue crack growth experiments were carried out on a 304 L stainless steel compact-tension(CT) specimen under load control mode. Neutron diffraction was employed to quantitatively measure the residual strains/stresses and the evolution of stress fields in the vicinity of a propagating fatigue-crack tip. Three principal stress components (i.e. crack growth, crack opening, and through-thickness direction stresses) were examined in-situ under loading as a function of distance from the crack tip along the crack-propagation path. The stress/strain fields, measured both at the mid-thickness and near the surface of the CT specimen, were compared. The results show that much higher compressive residual stress fields developed in front of the crack tip near the surface than developed at the mid-thickness area. The change of the stresses ahead of the crack tip under loading is more significant at the mid-thickness area than it is near the surface.

이 글은 폴 멀둔이 아일랜드와 북아일랜드를 체험, 인식하고 표현하는 데 있어서 어떠한 방식으로 자신의 시세계를 구축하였는가를 추적한다. W. B. 예이츠 와 셰이머스 히니는 시인으로서 폴 멀둔이 극복해야할 대상이었다. 멀둔은 자신의 작품 세계를 형상화하는 데 알레고리라는 방식으로 대처하였고, 이렇게 함으로써 자신만의 독특한 시적 세계를 성취하였다.

이글은 예이츠의 비잔티움으로의 항해 를 인도경전인 우파니샤드에 적용해 보는 것이다. 무엇보다도 비잔티움으로의 항해 에서 시인은 변화무쌍한 이 세 계에서 벗어나서 모든 것이 조화롭고 통일되며 변화가 없는 비잔티움으로 가기를 갈 망한다. 그러데 이러한 모습은 우파니샤드에 나타난 브라만과의 소통의 경지와 유사 하다고 볼 수 있다. 영육간의 조화 및 지상계와 천상계 사이의 조화가 이루어지면 브 라만과 하나가 될 수 있다.

예이츠와 스티븐스는 자연과 실체와 상상을 사용한 시인이다. 그러나 두 시인은 서로 유사한 시상을 고유하기도 했지만, 그들은 주로 상반된 방법을 사용하 였다. 예이츠는 시를 신화와 혼합해서 승화시키려 하였으나, 스티븐스는 전통과 신화 를 해체하여 인간적인 상상으로 시화시켰다. 특히 두 시인은 상반된 종교관과 이성관 을 가지고 인간의 상상력을 극대화 시켰다.

Lee, Hye-min. 2015. “Talking about the Body Using the Body: Nonverbal Acts in Korean Medicine Clinics”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 295~327. This paper attempts to explore how people communicate “using their body,” otherly put, by nonverbal acts. Through a linguistic anthropological analysis on medical encounters in Korean Medicine clinics, this paper aims to examine how participants perform nonverbal acts as communicative modalities and strategies. By extending previous scholarships that emphasized the significance of nonverbal acts, this paper argues that nonverbal acts are not mere bodily actions, but rather are meaningful acts that index communicative goals, social relationships, and participants’ identity practices. With analysis on conversational data collected through anthropological fieldwork, four salient types of nonverbal acts―eye-gaze, nodding, hand gestures, and distance adjustment― and six communicative functions―back-channel, attitude cue, frame shift, turn-taking, footing, and visual cue―are explored. Furthermore, this paper analyzes nonverbal acts as communicative strategy, which participants employ to achieve their communication goals, build a preferred social relationship, and perform positive identity practices.

Lee Seung-hee. 2015. “Closings of Calls to an Airline Service”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 177~204. In conversation analysis (CA), closings of a conversation are explicated as achievements by parties working through structural problems of coordinating a simultaneous exit from the conversation. This paper examines closings of calls to an airline service in Korea using the method of CA. As calls to the airline service are built with an orientation to an expectably single business, resolution of the business at hand－typically a flight reservation－occasions the relevance of closing. Closings of airline service calls are structured into pre-closing and terminal sequences. Agents' announcement of a completion of the reservation, thus of the business at hand, constitutes a pre-closing move. Customers align with the pre-closing move normally by producing an acknowledgement in response. Following pre-closing sequences, agents initiate a terminal sequence by producing a terminal component in a standard format required by the institution. Customers typically respond with an acknowledgement ‘yes’ token, collaboratively achieving a termination. In the achievement of closing sequences, parties orient not only to the particular trajectory of activities and pre-closings they have been engaged in, but also to the particular type of conversation as one of customer service.