This research was investigated the relationship, in high-producing Holstein donor cows, between the number of the transferable embryos and the blood serum concentrations of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), glucose and cholesterol, which affect the nutritional state of cows. CIDRs were inserted into the vaginas of twenty two heads of Holstein cows, regardless of estrous cycle. Superovulation was induced using folliclar stimulating hormone (FSH). For artificial insemination, donor cows were injected with and estrus was checked about 48 hours after the injection. Then they were treated with 4 straws of semen 3 times, with 12-hour intervals. Embryos were collected by a non-surgical method 7 days after the first artificial insemination. The total numbers of ova collected from 3 experimental groups whose blood BUN concentrations were <10 mg/dl, 11~18 mg/dl and mg/dl were 8.9, 12.5 and 19.0, respectively; whereas the numbers of transferable embryos were 5.8 + 1.9, 7.9 + 2.8 and 5.2 + 1.4, respectively. When glucose concentration was <60 mg/dl, the total number of collected ova was 9.9, which was smaller than when the concentration was 60~70 mg/dl or mg/dl. When glucose concentration was 60~70 mg/dl, the number of transferable embryos was 7.1 + 2.4, which was slightly larger than the numbers 6.4 + 2.1 and 6.1 + 1.7 that were obtained when the concentrations were <60 mg/dl and mg/dl, respectively ; however, the differences were not significant (p>0.05). When cholesterol concentrations were <150 mg/dl, 150~200 mg/dl and mg/dl, the total numbers of collected ova were 11.2, 11.3 and 8.6, respectively. Whereas the numbers of transferable embryos were 7.1 + 2.1, 7.3 + 1.9 and 5.6 + 1.3, respectively ; however, the differences were again not significant (p>0.05). The result of this research showed no significant difference in ovum recovery rate and the number of transferable embryos according to major metabolite concentrations in high-producing Holstein donor cows. However, it is considered that the failure of maintaining proper nutritional status would cause the fall in in vivo embryo productivity.

본 연구는 스웨덴 스톡홀름에서 색채경관의 변화에 대한 원인 분석 및 변화과정을 제시해본다. 사실 색채는 주변환경에 대해서 영향을 받는다. 스톡홀름은 도시주변에 물이 많기 때문에 내륙보다 색채의 변화가 많다. 보통 색채는 역사지구,상업지구, 주거지구에 따라 색채계획이 다르고 빛의 반사량에 따라 시시각각 다른 이미지도 갖는다.계절별 빛의 반사량에 따라 변하는 색상, 명도, 채도값을 측정해서 팔레트를 제시 분석하고, 파사드별로 지붕과벽체별로 빛에 따라 변화하는 색상값을 측정하였다. 계절별 시각적인 큰 변화도 물이 많은 도시에서 도시경관의 변화의차이가 큰 폭으로 나타난다. 거리에서의 색채 사용에 대한 평가는 색상, 명도, 채도값을 고려함은 물론이고 빛의 반사량도고려되어져야 한다. 이때 각 색채의 특성 및 인간의 시각적인 요인에 의한 효과도 심리적인 측면과 감정적인 측면이 동시에 분석되어져야 한다. 색채의 경향은 어느 장소에 있어서 건축물의 지붕, 벽과 도로의 아스팔트 그리고 거리의녹지공간에 따라 도시경관은 색채의 구성과 재료에 의해 분류된다.계절별로 건축물의 지붕과 벽면의 색상이 빛의 반사량에 따라 변화하는 색상값을 색차계를 이용해서 측정하였고그 결과는 먼셀기호로 표기하였다. 또한 그 값은 색채이미지맵에 색상값을 표시하여 죠닝화해보고 변화하는 경향을축으로 표현하였다. 마감 재료별, 입면 부분별로 구분해서 계절별 색상값을 추출한 후 칼라이미지맵에 빛의 반사량에따라 변화하는 색상값을 계절별로 변화하는 축을 만들어 모델화하였다.따라서 각 계절별로 건축물의 지붕, 벽, 보도패턴에 대한 색채경향 및 마감재료 사용 경향을 알 수 있었고 비와 눈,구름의 양에 따라 빛의 반사량이 달라지기에 색상의 변화과정도 비교 분석해 볼 수 있었다. 또한 물리적인, 심리적인 고려뿐만아니라 물과 녹지공간의 양에 따라서도 색상값이 변화하는 계절효과도 있었다는 특징을 분석해서 색채경향을 정리하였다.

Studies have shown that the future of the wine market rests on the effective and efficient changes in technology to the supply chain used by most of the major global players. In today’s wine industry, companies are faced with the ever-shifting demand for their products, strict regulation and increasing price competition. Even at that, mature companies in the wine industry are succeeding by scaling up production, streamlining their supply chains, expanding into new geographic areas, implementing more efficient processes, cleverly marketing products, and focusing on ever closer relationships with suppliers, partners and customers. However, this paper looks at supply chain challenges in the wine industry from a global perspective presented in the inbound, manufacturing and outbound processes as well as offer effective solutions in order for companies to gain a competitive advantage and succeed on a global level.

Research and technology has been transforming the agriculture to agribusiness which encompasses all operations with all the connections from faming per se, to manufacture & distribution of production supplies and farm commodities. Further, with the revolutionary development of information technology in the last two decades, we cannot talk about agribusiness process alone without considering the information technology embedded in the artifact, process, and structure. Despite the emergence of precision agriculture (PA) which is supported by IT based innovations which can not only improve efficiency in farming operations but also contribute to environmental sustainability, the adoption of IT among farmers and in agriculture industry are rather low than expected. Thus, Korean government has been seeking to converge IT into food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries to improve the competency of the agribusiness, and much progress has been made. This paper investigated the status quo of the current IT convergence with Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Korea, and further proposed future policy directions.

Since the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Chile, the EU, and the U.S., Korean agricultural produce markets have turned into a fierce competition landscape. Under these competitive circumstances, marketing is critical. The objective of the research presented herein is to understand the characteristics of customer preferences after locating trends of purchased items. So This research establishes sustainable strategies for Korean agricultural produce. This investigation used market-basket analysis techniques and panel data for its research. Market-basket analysis is a technique which attempts to find groups of items that are commonly found together. The results show that, for one year, processed food using wheat, processed marine products, and pork are commonly bought together and that yogurt and milk also are bought together. The characteristics of customers buying these items are 44 years old and live in a four-person household with two children. These customers do not live with their parents.

As the ASEAN moves towards its vision of a ‘Community,’enforceability and consistency of legal standards, broadly the “rule of law,”have drawn attention due to their impact on the predictability of social environments, with consequences for markets, people, and policy makers. This paper draws together recent findings and suggests ASEAN States have made significant progress but remain in a state of transition. These findings support Barry Weingast’s prediction that developing countries are more likely to create consistent rules and move to“ open access orders” in line with requirements for development, rather than install artificial enforcement mechanisms before growth.

In the case of one standard-mum polyvinyl house, the density of F. occidentalis reached its peak in early June and decreased after the chemical control, which was carried out periodically. In the case of another standard-mum polyvinyl house, the density of F. occidentalis increased continuously in spite of the periodical chemical control after planting. In both polyvinyl houses, the density of F. occidentalis began to increase mid-May. The numbers of F. occidentalis collected on a tray with wet paper by heating the flowers of pink, white, and yellow Chrysanthemum standard mums were 18.4, 56.6, and 52.6 after flowering, but in the case of the leaves, the numbers were 7.8, 16.6, and 15.4. Also, the numbers of F. occidentalis collected on a tray with wet paper by heating the buds of pink, white, and yellow Chrysanthemum standard mums were 15.2, 45.8, and 41.6, but in the case of the leaves, the numbers were 2, 8.8 and 3.4. In the Y-tube olfactometer test, the frequency of F. occidentalis’ visits to one side arm of the Y-tube olfactometer was higher in the odor cue of the white flower than of the yellow, red, and violet flowers, but in the other combinations without white flowers, the frequency was higher in the odor cue of the violet and red flowers than of the yellow flowers. In the case of the four-choice olfactometer test, in the same visual cues as the odor cues of the pot mum flowers, the frequency of F. occidentalis was higher in the yellow flower than in the other flowers (white, red, and violet) in all the observation times (10, 15, and 20 minutes). In the case of the visual cues with disturbed odor cues, F. occidentalis preferred the yellow color to the other colors in all the observation times (10, 20, and 40 minutes). F. occidentalis preferred the white color to the other colors when the same odor cues as the flower color were provided, but the odor cue of the yellow flower was provided only without the color cue.

In crystalline solar cells, the substrate itself constitutes a large portion of the fabrication cost as it is derived fromsemiconductor ingots grown in costly high temperature processes. Thinner wafer substrates allow some cost saving as morewafers can be sliced from a given ingot, although technological limitations in slicing or sawing of wafers off an ingot, as wellas the physical strength of the sliced wafers, put a lower limit on the substrate thickness. Complementary to these economicaland techno-physical points of view, a device operation point of view of the substrate thickness would be useful. With this inmind, BC-BJ Si and GaAs solar cells are compared one to one by means of the Medici device simulation, with a particularemphasis on the substrate thickness. Under ideal conditions of 0.6µm photons entering the 10µm-wide BC-BJ solar cells atthe normal incident angle (θ=90o), GaAs is about 2.3 times more efficient than Si in terms of peak cell power output:42.3mW·cm−2 vs. 18.2mW·cm−2. This strong performance of GaAs, though only under ideal conditions, gives a strongindication that this material could stand competitively against Si, despite its known high material and process costs. Within thelimitation of the minority carrier recombination lifetime value of 5×10−5 sec used in the device simulation, the solar cell poweris known to be only weakly dependent on the substrate thickness, particularly under about 100µm, for both Si and GaAs.Though the optimum substrate thickness is about 100µm or less, the reduction in the power output is less than 10% from thepeak values even when the substrate thickness is increased to 190µm. Thus, for crystalline Si and GaAs with a relatively longrecombination lifetime, extra efforts to be spent on thinning the substrate should be weighed against the expected actual gainin the solar cell output power.

Bovine brucellosis causes abortion and infertility. The authors conducted this study in order to determine pathological lesions of Korean native cows and fetuses who received experimental vaccination with Brucella abortus RB51 and were challenged with Brucella abortus 2308. Gross and histopathological lesions in endometrium and placenta were observed in cows of the vaccinated group. Twenty-five percent of pregnant cattle in the vaccinated group showed endometritis and placentitis, which was three times lower, compared with the non-vaccinated group. The pathological lesions in the uterus and placenta in both groups were consistent with previous reports. Therefore, vaccination in heifers using Brucella abortus RB51 may not provide adequate protection against infection with Brucella abortus virulent strain.

This study was performed to compare the muscle activity of lumbar stabilizers between stoop and semi-squat lifting techniques at different lifting loads. Twenty healthy subjects (9 males, 11 females) were recruited for this study. Muscle activity of external obliques (EO), internal obliques (IO) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle was measured by surface electromyography during stoop and semi-squat lifting at different lifting loads (10%, 20%, and 30% of the subject's body weight). A one-way repeated measure ANOVA was applied. The results showed that EMG activity of EO was significantly increased with a load of 30% of body weight compared to 10% and 20% of body weight in both lifting techniques (p<.05). Muscle activity of LM was significantly increased in 20% compared to 10% and 30% compared to 10% of subject's body weight in stoop lifting and the muscle activity of LM was significantly increased in 20% compared to 10%, 30% compared to 20%, and 30% compared to 10% of the subject's body weight in semi-squat lifting (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in activity of IO according to lifting loads in both lifting techniques. There were no significant differences in muscle activity of EO, IO, and LM between stoop and semi-squat technique (p>.05). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the EO can contribute to increase the lumbar stability during stoop and semi-squat lifting at 30% of body weight rather than at lower loads, and the LM seems to act as counteractor to imposed loads during stoop and semi-squat lifting with increasing loads.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of Acer tegmentosum Maxim. extract (ATE) in prevention of liver injury. After oral administration of ATE to SD rats, liver injuries were induced by treatment with CCl₄, galactosamine, or ethionine. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride, and cholesterols in blood were used as indicators of liver damage. When acute hepatitis was induced by CCl₄ or galactosamine, ATE-fed rats showed a lower level of AST and ALT in plasma than ATE-unfed rats. In the case of ethionine-induced fatty liver, triglyceride levels in plasma were reduced in ATE-fed rats, compared with ATE-unfed rats. These results indicate that Acer tegmentosum Maxim. extract protected against hepatic failure.

Fish communities in river networks provide significant ecosystem services that will likely decline under future land use and climate change. We developed a model that simulates the consequences to multiple populations of one or more fish species-a metacommunity- from multiple stressors across a river network. The model is spatiallyexplicit and age-structured, with three components: habitat suitability; population dynamics, including species interactions; and movement across a spatial network. Although this model is simple, it can form the basis of fisheries assessments and may be incorporated into an integrated modeling system for watershed management and prediction.

today's dairy production management systems, reproductive efficiency affects the income of any farm by influencing overall milk production, genetic gain, amount of replacement heifers, and wise cullling decisions. Nutrition, management, and genetics play a major role achieving this maximum herd-reproductive performance. Several reports using trace minerals on the diet of cattle have shown reproductive effects. The main justification for using blocks, to provide deficient nutrients is, therefore, their convenience for packaging, storage, transport and ease of feeding. Dairy cattle are annually exposed to prolonged periods of elevated humidity and heat which reduce feed intake and reproductive performance. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of mineral on reproductive performance of dairy cows during Summer. The experimental group of cows had access ad libitum to the mineral lick in the following composition : Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, I, Co, Se. Environmental heat load was described using the THI (temperature humidity index) because thermoregulation in cows is affected by both Temp and RH. The THI was calculated: THI=(0.8×Temp)+[RH×(Temp— 14.4)]+ 46.4. All cows were monitored for estrus twice daily in the morning and late afternoon. And any animal found in estrus was artificially inseminated. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed via ultrasonography at 45 to 70 d after insemination. The visitation and intake of mineral were higher with the maximum THI. The mean intake of mineral block was 23.1 kg in Summer and 17.7 kg in other seasons. The reproductive performance was considerably improved by mineral supplementation. The factors influencing consumption of mineral mixtures include: soil fertility and forage type, available energy and protein, individual requirements, salt content of the water, palatability of mineral mixture, availability of fresh minerals and physical form of minerals. These results show that minerals have a great impact on animal's reproductive physiology.

Microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), a member of MAP1 family, plays a key role in the brain development. MAP1B binds to many kinds of proteins directly or indirectly. In our previous studies, MAP1B and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were down-regulated in bovine follicular cystic follicles (FCF). This study was performed to examine interaction between MAP1B and GAPDH in bovine follicles using immunoprecipitation (IP) with western blot analysis and immunohistochemisty. MAP1B and GAPDH mRNA expression levels were down-regulated in bovine FCFs. Consistent with the semi-quantitative PCR data, their protein expressions were also down-regulated in FCFs. IP data showed that MAP1B bound to GAPDH in normal follicles, but their binding was absent in FCFs, suggesting that these data might be resulted from a low level of MAP1B and/or GAPDH expression. These results suggest that GAPDH does not as always function as a loading control in bovine follicles.

In haplodiploid sex determination, females are sexually reproduced from fertilized diploid eggs, and males from unfertilized haploid eggs. Haplodiploid sex determination seems simple in that sex depends simply on the ploid level. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms are thought to be much more complicated than expected. Among them, a powerful proposed mechanism is genomic imprinting. All epigenetic on-off systems require target genes, unless the systems target histone proteins on chromosomes. For Hymenoptera, a good candidate target gene in terms of sex determination is known either as feminizer (fem) or transformer (tra) in many insects. These two genes are essential for expressing femaleness. In most Hymenopteran insects, the maternal tra seems to be methylated and consequently not expressed, while the paternally derived tra gene is not methylated. Therefore, a fertilized egg with the paternally derived active tra gene will develop into a functional female. Like all Hymenoptera, ants (Formicidae) have haplodiploid sex determination. In Vollenhovia emeryi, however, queens are produced clonally while workers derive from fertilized eggs. Males are haploid, likewise deriving from fertilized eggs, but only after selective elimination of their maternal genome. Under the conventional genomic imprinting model, we would have expected that the opposite pattern of what is observed in others. Here we present extraordinary sex determination and suggest our hypothesis about genomic imprinting pattern in V. emeryi

Vollenhovia emeryi ant is distinguished by its wing morphology; short winged (SW) and long winged (LW). Its reproduction shows a bizarre genetic caste system distinct from other social hymenopteran insects. Unfertilized eggs undergo genome duplication and develop into clonal gynes. Fertilized eggs develop either into workers or males. The fate of the fertilized eggs is determined whether maternal genome loss (MGL) takes place after fertilization. Eggs with MGL become haploid males with only paternal half of the genome. Without MGL, the eggs become workers with maternal and paternal half of the genome. In this research, we analysed 5 nuclear genes of SW and LW individual ants. Among them, two genes from an SW male are identical to those of LW, and one gene from the SW male seems a variant of LW. The result indicates that SW males are derived from LW colonies. From the genetic relatedness point of view individuals in the same castes are genetically identical. On the other hand, between workers and two reproductives, the relatedness is asymmetrical and there is even no gene sharing between gynes and males. The conventional genetic relatedness by Hamilton is revised under this condition.

The ant species, Vollenhovia emeryi, is distributed in Far East. The species can be divided into two major groups by their wing morphology of reproductives: short-winged and long-winged. A nationwide survey of the species was conducted for analyzing the mitochondrial haplotype diversity and genetic population structure. We collected 91 samples from 40 locations. A total of the 1239 bp partial COI (cytochrome C oxidase 1) region was used for the analyses. We found the total of 21 haplotypes. The mitochondrial haplotypes may correspond to the wing morphology. The genetic population structure examined potential geographic barriers of gene flow such as distance, mountains, rivers and plains which are non-mountain areas to prevent dispersal through mountain range. The result implied that no barriers considered in this study affected differently gene flow. Therefore, the behavioral characteristics of the ant may be the causal constraint of its genetic exchange.