Upon Japan’s ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women in 1985, certain law reforms for gender equality were realized. However, international human rights law has impacted limitedly on the Japanese judiciary. The Women’s Convention has been invoked by parties in a number of cases, but so far has never been positively quoted by the courts. On the other hand, the jurisprudence of individual complaints under the Optional Protocol of the Women’s Convention has developed significantly. This paper introduces the case law of the individual complaint procedure of the Women’s Convention, and identifies its significance in comparison with Japanese jurisprudence. As the jurisprudence of individual complaints under the Women’s Convention is still in the law-making stage, the author encourages the Japanese government to ratify the Optional Protocol so that it can participate in the process of developing this jurisprudence.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of contralateral hip adduction (CHA) on the muscle activity of lumbar stabilizers and the angle of pelvic lateral tilting during hip abduction in side lying. Twenty healthy male subjects with no medical history of lower extremity or lumbar spine disorders were recruited for the study. Subjects randomly performed preferred hip abduction (PHA) and hip abduction with contralateral hip adduction in side lying. The muscle activities of the dominant side rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, quadratus lumborum, gluteus medius, and non-dominant side hip adductor longus were measured during PHA and CHA by using a surface electromyography (EMG) system. Pelvic lateral tilting motion was measured by using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Data on EMG and pelvic motion were collected at the same time during PHA and CHA. A paired t-test was used to compare EMG activity and the angle of pelvic lateral tilting in the two exercises. The study found that the EMG activities of all muscles were more increased significantly in CHA than PHA condition. The angle of pelvic lateral tilting was more decreased significantly in CHA than PHA condition. These findings suggest that CHA could be recommended as a hip abduction exercise for activating lumbar stabilizers and decreasing compensatory pelvic lateral tilting motion.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in electromyographic (EMG) activities of upper limb muscles between cross- and parallel-aligned taping and to compare the effects of these 2 taping methods in healthy adults. Thirty subjects, who volunteered for this study, were tested under 3 taping conditions in random order: (1) no taping, (2) cross-aligned taping, and (3) parallel-aligned taping. EMG activities of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor carpi ulnaris, and extensor carpi radialis muscles were measured. All muscles showed significant differences in EMG activity among the 3 conditions (p<.05). In the post hoc test, biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles showed significant differences in EMG activity between the no taping and the cross-aligned taping conditions and between the no taping and the parallel-aligned taping conditions. Additionally, the EMG activities of the flexor carpi radialis and extensor carpi radialis muscles appeared to be significantly different between the no taping and parallel-aligned taping conditions. These findings demonstrate that taping may be helpful for decreasing muscle activity, regardless of the direction of tape application. This study provides useful information to future researchers regarding the effects of taping on muscle activity.

To concern about health increased at well-being world. It reported fault about toxic of lymphocyte cell by Chemotherapeutic agent and antibiotic agent, tolerance of cancer cell and destruction of lymphocyte and marrow cell. Study of natural medicine needed to remedy these shortcomings. In this study verified effect of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in Ganoderma applanatum. Verify of anti-inflammatory effect checked to derive by LPS. Antioxidant effect assured by DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The result of cytotoxicity by MTT-assay for anti-inflammatory effect of Ganoderma applanatum does not effect in 0.01~1mg/mL concentration. Nitric oxide (NO) inhibition effect was verified concentration dependent in all treatment groups. Inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6) formation inhibition effect to derive by LPS was verified to inhibit gene revelation of inflammatory cytokine in all treatment groups. And endotoxin shock inhibition effect does not appear concentration dependent in mouse lethal test. Inflammation mediator activation inhibition effect in shock mouse liver cell decreased gene revelation in IL-1β and IL-6 at 0.5g/kg body weight group and 1.0g/kg body weight group. DPPH radical scavenging activity confirmed concentration dependent in all treatmen tgroups. SOD enzyme activity showed high activity in low concentration than vitamin C and BHT. To conclusion, Ganoderma applanatum was predicted to replace anti-inflammatory medicine and to use great antioxidant material.

Lentinula edodes is known by oak mushroom. It has been favored as delicious and nutritious food and the low-calorie food with a high nutritional value. It is also functional food since it contains a material well-known for its medicinal benefits. Since the growth and quality of oak mushrooms are sensitively affected by environmental conditions, an adequate environmental control is very essential to improve the yield and quality under protected cultivation. The main objectives of the study were to investigate cultural characteristics of mycelial growth and in vitro fruiting of Lentinula edodes. The optimum culture media for mycelial growth of L. edodes were PDA and MYA. Similarly, optimum temperature was 25℃. Malt extract(2%) and yeast extract(0.2%) were optimum carbon and nitrogen sources. Optimal culture period was 110~120 days in sawdust medium. Among different five log types, highest mycelial growth and fruiting productivity were observed in Quercus variabilis sawdust(20.9%).

Nosema disease caused by microsporidia which belongs to fungi is a major cause of honey production loss and is worldwide in distribution. The most common method of nosema disease controlling is the application of the fumagillin. It is an antibiotic derived from the fungus Aspergillus fumigates. It has been used for many years to treat microsporidiosis caused by Nosema in honeybees. However, Fumagillin does not kill Nosema spores, and has rapidly deteriorating potency after application, resulting in only partial and temporary anti-Nosema effect, since new bees emerge constantly in a colony, and re-application is required several times a year. Also it is no longer practised for the associated risk of honey contamination. In this study we compare the effect in spore reduction of Cordyceps militaris extract(CMX) and of fumagillin. Three weekly administrations of CMX showed a noticeable decrease in the number of spores infecting the honey bee intestines, without negative effects for adults and comb health. Therefore this product could play an important role in prevention and reduction of nosema disease without risks of honey with antibiotics.

Cordyceps bassiana (asexual stage Beauveriabassiana) is a widely distributed entomopathogenic fungus that infects hundreds of various insects. It produces a number of secondary metabolites, including insect toxins beauvericin and bassianolide and pigment tenellin. In the present study, members of NRPS and PKS-NRPS hybrid genes were predicted from whole genome sequences of eighteen different fungal species belonging to five families of Hypocreales (Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae) using antiSMASH ver. 1.2.2. Phylogeny using all predicted adenylation (A) domains was drawn in order to identify potential orthologous genes of beauvericin synthetase (BbBEAS) and bassianolide synthetase (BbBSLS) in Hypocreales. The orthologs were examined to understand the evolution of beauvericin and bassianolide synthetase genes. Phylogenetic tree shows grouping of A1 and A2 domains of BbBEAS, BbBSLS and enniatin synthetases in two separate clades indicating the origin of genes from fusion of two distantly related modules. Species phylogeny of C. bassiana and its allies is congruent with gene trees of BbBEAS and BbBSLS, suggesting that the gene fusion event predates the species divergence. In the inferred phylogeny, A1 domain of BbBEAS showed highest similarity with that of BbBSLS, followed by those of Fusarium equiseti enniatin synthetase and Xylariasp. bassianolide synthetase. Syntenic analysis of beauvericin gene clusters of C. bassiana and closely related species represents that C. militaris lost the BbBEAS gene in evolution. Synteny of bassianolide gene clusters shows the loss of NRPS genes encoding BbBSLS in B. pseudobassiana, Isaria tenuipes, I. farinosa and C. pruinosa. BbBEAS and 2-ketoisovalerate reductase (kivr) genes are found conserved in beauvericin and enniatin synthesizing gene clusters.

Cordyceps sensu lato contains more than 400 entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic species. It was traditionally classified in Clavicipitaceae of Hypocreales and recently phylogenetically separated into several genera such as Cordyceps Fr. 1818 emend. G. H. Sung et al.(Cordycipitaceae Kreisel ex Sung et al.), Elaphocordyceps G. H. Sung & Spatafora and Ophiocordyceps Petch emend. G. H. Sung et al.(Ophiocordycipitaceae G. H. Sung et al.), and Metacordyceps G. H. Sung et al . and Tyrannicordyceps Kepler & Spatafora (Clavicipitaceae (Lindau) Earle ex Rogerson). Some species of Cordyceps sensu lato (e.g., C. militaris and C. pruinosa) are highly regarded as medicinal mushrooms in East Asia. Beauveria species, on the other hand, are widely used as potential biocontrol agents for insects in agriculture and forest due to their wide host range and global distribution. A recently described Beauveria species, Beauveria sungii S.A. Rehner & Humber 2011, is here shown as the anamorph of Cordyceps scarabaeicola Y. Kobayasi 1976 based on the teleomorphic material and phylogenetic analysis of the B.sungii isolate KACC 47482. In Cordyceps sensu stricto clade, Cordyceps Fr. 1818 is an older generic name than Beauveria Vuill. 1912 .Hence ,C. scarabaeicola is suggested to be adopted for B. sungii on the priority basis of both generic name and species epithet in view of the recent revision of Article 59 of the Melbourne Code (recently changed to the ‘International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plant’orICN). Based on one fungus = one name principle, all legitimate Beauveria species are also proposed to be transferred to Cordyceps. The consequences of abandonment of dual nomenclature for pleomorphic fungi are also briefly discussed with reference to Cordyceps and Beauveria.

Recently, the mineral resource protection policies and regulations in production countries of natural resources including rare metals are becoming more stringent. Such environment makes which market has malfunction. In other word, those are not perfect or pure market. Therefore because each market of natural resources have special or unique characters, it is difficult to forecast their market prices. In this study, we constructed several models to estimate prices of natural resources using ARIMA and their business indices. And for examples, Indium and Coal were introduced.

The multi-tactile stimulation system was developed to analyze cognitive function characteristics. The developed system consists of three units; control unit, drive unit and actuator that simultaneously and separately supports the vibration, heat, and pressure stimulation. From the results, vibration stimuli have a wide frequency range of 0-300 Hz comprising 20 levels, and stimulation intensity comprising 40 levels. The control temperature and stimulation temperature used for heat stimulation comprise four and eight levels, respectively. Pressure stimuli in the range of 0-600 mmHg can be stimulated comprising 12 levels. Therefore, the developed stimulator can be used for integrative tactile perception and cognition studies on various vibration, heat and pressure sensations.

In this paper, we developed a power amplifier system for driving a solenoid coil. The developed system consists of three units; control unit, drive unit and coil. The control unit generates a drive signal of sinusoidal wave type, monitors an operating status of the drive unit and vibration characteristics of the coil. The drive unit drives a solenoid coil in response to command from the control unit. The coil was fabricated with the size of diameter in 1.5 cm and length in 1.7 cm using electric copper wire. 4 types of drive unit were tested with thermal and vibration characteristics of the coil using temperature sensor and 3-axis accelerometer, respectively. From the result, the developed system has many advantages with respect to simple control algorithm, small size, and operates stably up to 68 watts driving condition.

This paper’s aim is to suggest the Expert System for analyzing relative combat power in ground operations. Since relative combat power analysis in terms of comparing combat power of friendly forces with one of the enemy can determine how the commander and staffs operate their unit afterwards, it requires fast and rational decision-making process. However, it has relied on manual method so far though Tactical Information Communications Network(TICN) into which numbers of applications can be loaded has been developed over a decade. The Expert System that will be built using EXSYS Corvid tool is expected to lessen error rate, provide faster decision- making, and reflect intangible combat power as well as tangible one by using an appropriate weights in analyzing relative combat power.

Projects and managing them have always been considered a subject worth studying. The formalized form of project management is not as old as many other branches of industrial engineering, however, the progress that has been observed through innumerable reviews and research findings is extraordinary and outstanding. The matter of interest for this paper is to initiate discussion regarding simplifying the tools and methods for managing projects and begin an era of simplification by discouraging practices that make project management a harder job to perform and a tougher task to handle. Besides summarizing the definitions of “project” that have been found from reviewing the relevant text, it deliberates on revising the duties and responsibilities of project manager and proposes performance expectancy triangle. It sheds light on several factors that have been found critical to the success and failure of projects. Also, it proposes a function indicating that customer needs and demands or desires greatly affect and instigate project complexity.

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, a porcelain berry that is a kind of Korean domestic wild berry (Viticeae), has been known to be resistant to diseases and insects. A total of 2,622 unigenes containing 912 contigs and 1,710 singletons were obtained by sequencing 5,839 expressed sequence tag (EST) clones derived from the cDNA library of wild grape, A. brevipedunculata. In the gene ontology analysis, 1,175 genes related to biological process, 1,516 genes related to molecular function, and 1,413 ones related to cell components were annotated. Among the genes showing molecular function, 17 clones were classified into defense-related genes, and 102 were known to be related with responses to stress in plants. Domains, such as leucine-rich repeat, Serine/threonine protein kinase-related, WD40 repeat, EF-hand calcium-binding, pentatricopeptide repeat, and pathogenesis-related transcriptional factor were highly expressed. Genes encoding defense related proteins, such as chitinase, catalase, protein-serine/threonine kinases, were also clustered into an abundant group in cDNAs from A. brevipedunculata. Approximately, 80 simple sequence repeats with 2~5 nucleotides were detected in the cDNAs of A. brevipedunculata. These data could provide useful information for the genetic analysis of wild grapevines and in programs for breeding grape cultivars.