본 연구의 목적은 크게 교육(학)연구의 이해지평 확대와 새로운 연구방법의 제안이다. 작게는 기존 내러티브 연구의 편협, 편중성을 극복하여 내러티브 분야의 학술담론과 연구방법의 확충을 도모하는 것이다. 적용한 연구방법은 관련 문헌을 대상으로 이루어진 텍스트해석학이고, 해석범위는 공자와 레빈슨(Levinson)의 저작들이다. 내러티브와 상호 텍스트성(intertextuality)의 연결을 통해 내러티브 연구의 확대 가능성과 필요성을 발견하고자 했다. 본 연구의 핵심내용은 내러티브와 상호텍스트성에 대한 연구자의 체계적인 인식관심을 바탕으로 성인 생애발달 내러티브의 객관성을 논의한 공자와 레빈슨의 담론 에 대하여 상호텍스트성의 관점에서 논의하였다. 성인발달 내러티브에 대한 ‘서사적 정체 성’의 상호 연관성 측면에서 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공자의 생애발달 내러티브와 레빈슨의 그것은 시대적인 간극에도 불구하고, 대동(大同)과 공통체성, 개인과 국가 등과 같은 몇 가지 준거를 설정하여 살펴본다면 현대적 의의를 충분히 도출할 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 동양과 서양이라는 지리공간과 사상의 다양한 차이점에도 불구하고 인간은 근본적으로 자연과의 지속 가능하고 조화로운 관계를 수립하고자 한다는 점은 공통점으로 발견된다. 셋째, 동양 유교의 집단주의 사회에서 ‘배려’의 도덕성(일종의 배려 윤리)을 추구하는 이상적 인간형과 서구의 개인주의 사회에서 ‘정의’의 도덕성(일종의 덕 윤리)을 추구하는 이상적 인간형의 차이에도 불구하고, 동서양 모두 인간의 통합적 발달을 이상형으로 추구하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 연구방법 확대 차원에서 이루어진 상호텍스트성과 내러티브의 만남에 대한 시론을 통하여 첫째, 인간교육은 전 생애 그리고 삶의 모든 공간에서 이루어고, 둘째, 방법론을 넘어서는 윤리적 성취를 목표로 하는 교육이 강조되고, 셋째, 교육의 본질이란 누구든 전 생애를 거쳐 부단한 자기수양을 통한 존재의 초월적 깊이에 점점 다가가는 것임을 확인할 수 있었다.

This paper investigates how the Second Part of Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC) behaves in Right Node Raising (RNR) in Korean. We first show that constructing relevant data is evasive due to some confounding factors, and then demonstrate that when the factors are controlled for, RNR exhibits the CSC effect. We argue that it is readily captured by the ellipsis analysis, with the consequence that a violation of CSC is not repairable by ellipsis (Merchant 2001). However, in so doing, we present a puzzle that partly favors the multidominance analysis (Wilder 1999, Citko 2005). To resolve the puzzle, we suggest that the domain of the application of multidominance is restricted to (extractable) maximal constituents. This accounts for why in the context where multidominance is not permitted and ellipsis induces a violation of the CSC, the CSC effect invariably emerges.

Numerous types of sporting events have been hosted in Korea during the last decades. Sport events produce various types of data, and there is a clear necessity of storing and utilizing this information. From this background, the purpose of this study is to draw complex sports categories from international sport events life cycles in order to categorize standards of knowledges management system. This study utilized qualitative methods: expert groups discussion for overall life cycle steps and in-depth interviews for detail life cycle steps. The results show that there are several life cycle steps: bidding, preparation, operation, evaluation, post management steps. To be more specific, for the bidding step, there are check, plan, implementing detail phase; and the preparation step is based on event preparation Basis Build, event preparation implementation, test and supplementation phases. For the operation step, event operation system switch, event operation during the period, finish operation phases are deducted. Evaluation and post management step do not have detail phases. Efforts to store and utilize knowledge can be one of the starting points to make the operation of sport events efficiently.

This study was conducted to compare the community structure and biodiversity of epigeic spiders between pear fields cultivated by integrated pest management (IPM) and organic methods. This is the first study of this kind to be conducted in Korea. Eighty-four spider species from 22 families were identified among the collected 2,489 arthropods, with 754 individuals being sampled from IPM fields and 1,735 individuals from organic fields. Generally, Theridiidae, Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Agelenidae, Gnaphosidae, and Salticidae were the dominant spider families in the pear orchard regardless of the farming methods, and species richness and abundance were higher in organic fields than in IPM fields. The dominant species were the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) and stone spiders (Gnaphosidae), and their cumulative abundance was 70.7% in IPM fields and 72.7% in organic fields. The community structure between organic and IPM fields was heterogeneous, with a 45% similarity level. Biodiversity, species richness, abundance, and species diversity index were higher in organic fields than in IPM fields, and significantly different between the farming methods. Seasonal fluctuations in biodiversity were similar in both IPM and organic fields. The species richness and species diversity index increased and the abundance decreased in the second half of the cultivation period. This study on the community structure and biodiversity of epigeic spiders, which form one of the most important predator groups, will provide principal ecological and faunistic information required to maintain the biodiversity of useful arthropods in agricultural ecosystems and help implement sustainable agriculture based on the active use of natural enemies.

The study examines the impact of financial risk, convenience risk, non-delivery risk; return policy risk and product risk on online consumer behavior of Malaysian consumers. The research employed a self-administered survey to collect empirical data from 245 Malaysian online shoppers by using convenience sampling. Cronbach alpha was calculated to confirm the reliability of the data and then normality was assessed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was then conducted to test the model using the goodness-of-fit tests. And finally, structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses and draw conclusions. IBM SPSS AMOS version 22.0 was utilized for data analysis. The research indicates that product risk, convenience risk, and return policy risk have a significant and positive impact on online shopping behavior. Financial risk is found to have insignificant and negative effects on consumer behavior. In addition, the non-delivery risk is found to have a significant and negative impact on online shopping behavior. The findings provide a useful model for measuring and managing perceived risk in online shopping which may result in an increase in participation of Malaysian consumers and reduce their cognitive deficiencies in the e-commerce environment. Several managerial implications are discussed along with the scope for future research.

The objectives of this study are to propose the Integrated Waqf Environmental Protection Model (IWEP) and investigate the farmers’ intention to adopt it. In developing the IWEP model and investigating farmers’ willingness to adopt it, this study surveyed 400 farmers in Kedah. The intention of the farmers to adopt the proposed model was analysed by adding perceived barriers and socioeconomic variables into the theory of reasoned action (TRA) model. The collected data were processed using structural equation modelling (SEM). The SEM results show that the subjective norm is positive and has a significant impact on the intentions of lowincome farmers to accept the IWEP model. This indicates that the decision of the low-income farmers to accept the IWEP model is significantly influenced by their family members, neighbours and friends. Furthermore, awareness and perceived barriers have a greater impact on the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers. The findings indicate that the elderly, highly educated and wealthy farmers are aware of climate change and they perceive higher risks or barriers to climate change. As a result, they are more likely to have an adaptation intention. If we encourage people to create waqf fund, we can increase the value of the farmer and the country’s total GDP.

This study examines the dynamic linkages between food price inflation and its volatility in the context of Sri Lanka. The empirical evidence derived from the monthly data for the period from 2003M1 to 2017M12 for Sri Lanka. The relationship between inflation rate and inflation volatility has attracted more attention by theoretical and empirical macroeconomists. Empirical studies on the relationship between food inflation and food inflation variability is scarce in the literature. Food price inflation is defined as log difference of food price series. The volatility of a food price inflation is measured by conditional variance generated by the FIGARCH model. Preliminary analysis showed that food inflation is stationary series. Granger causality test reveals that food inflation seems to exert positive impact on inflation variability. We find no evidence for inflation uncertainty affecting food inflation rates. Hence, the findings of the study supports the Friedman-Ball hypothesis in both cases of consumer food price inflation and wholesale food price inflation. This implies that past information on food inflation can help improve the one-step-ahead prediction of food inflation variability but not vice versa. Our results have some important policy implications for the design of monetary policy, food policy thereby promoting macroeconomic stability.

The purpose of the study to evaluate the contribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) and tourism receipts (TR) to Sri Lanka’s gross domestic product (GDP). This study employs time series annual data for the period from 1978 to 2016 and EViews 10 econometrics software was used for the time series data analysis. Unit root test was done on the variables and the method chosen was the Augmented Dicky – Fuller test. Co-integration analysis was used for the long run relationship and the Granger causality test was performed to investigate the causal relationship. Recently a more conducive environment has been established after the three decade long ethnic war came to an end. In this context, the Sri Lankan government has taken positive measures to attract foreign direct investment and boost tourism in the country. This study intends to evaluate the contribution of Sri Lanka, as these two factors are considered to be very effective at increasing the GDP of a country. The empirical study shows that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the variable’s TR and FDI to the GDP in the long run. Results of Granger causality test implied that the two-way causality promoted the economic growth of Sri Lanka.

In this study, a load duration curve was applied to the Jangseongcheon, one of the tributaries of the Yeongsan River, to assess whether the target water quality was achieved. In addition, pollution of the water body was investigated to develop and suggest the optimal management time with respect to polluted flow sections and monthly conditions. The average flow rates of sections JS1 and JS2 were 0.25 m3/s and 1.08 m3/s , respectively. The BOD and T-P for water-quality standards at JS1 were rated at II, whereas the COD and TOC were rated at III, thus indicating a fair level of water quality. By contrast, the BOD at JS2 was rated at III, the T-P at IV, and the TOC at V, indicating poor water quality in this section. The load duration curve was plotted using the actual flow data measured in eight-day intervals for eight years from 2011 to 2018 at locations JS1 and JS2 in the Jangsungcheon Basin. In an assessment using the load duration curve on whether the target water quality was met at location JS1, all of the water quality parameters (BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, T-P, and SS) satisfied the target water quality. By contrast, at location JS2, parameters COD, TOC, T-N, and T-P exceeded target values by more than 50%, indicating the target water quality was not met. The discharge loads of locations JS1 and JS2 were analyzed to identify the reasons the target water quality was exceeded. Results revealed that the land system contributed considerably. Furthermore, the discharge load of JS2 accounted for more than 80% of the load on the entire basin, excluding that of JS1. Therefore, the best method for restraining the inflow of pollutants into the stream near location JS2 must be applied to manage the water quality of the Jangsungcheon.