Vector-borne diseases are transmitted to humans by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. These cold-blooded animals are influenced by environmental change. A recent report by IPCC showed that the emission of greenhouse gases has already changed world climates. Heat waves in Europe, rises in global mean sea level, summer droughts and wild fires, more intense precipitation, and increasing numbers of large cyclones, hurricanes and typhoon may be typical example of extreme climate phenomena related to global warming. High temperatures during winter season may increase survival rate among arthropod vectors in Temperate Zone. Warming may accelerate the spread of mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus in the northern parts of Japan and European countries. The spread of the mosquito vector through global used-tire trading in recent decades to Africa, the Mideast, Europe, and North and South America caused an outbreak of Chikungunya fever in north Italy in 2007.

Forest pests are one of the major disturbance factors in forest ecosystem and their outbreaks are expected to be severer under influence of climate changes. Among the forest pests, coleopterans can be key stone species because they are one of the dominant groups in forest and their ecological functions are very diverse. Moreover, saproxylic beetles contributed to ecological succession of forests thus, ecological functions of forests are changed in response to their outbreaks. The outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (MPB) were the most dramatic examples that outbreaks by climate change induce changes in ecological function of forest. Compositions of coleopteran species were variable to latitudinal changes whereas compositions of functional group were consistent. This showed that ecological function of coleopteran had resilience to climate changes and directions of changes in coleopteran communities were predictable based on species-specific latitudinal distribution. In addition, abundance of saproxylic beetles increased with increase in DBH (diameter at breast height), suggesting tree ages are one of the key factors for saproxylic beetles. Finally, potential changes in interactions between saproxylic beetles and trees under climate changes were discussed.

Insect occurrence is closed related to crop and environment. Global climate changes as environment factor influencing not only crops but also insects on their behavior, distribution, development, survival and reproduction. Insect life stage are most often calculated using accumulated degree days from base temperature and biofix point. Temperature is also main factor to changes in moisture humidity and CO2 that effect on crop and insect development. Precipitation is another climate change on consideration factor to insect survival. Therefore, the precise impacts of climate change on insects is somewhat uncertain because it may change favor some insects while others may inhibit their development. On predicting the impact of climate change on insect is very complex exercise and need closed cooperation with experts on modeling. Some generalized predictions can be made, based on current pest distributions and severity of insect outbreaks in individual regions. At the present in Thailand, some alien insect species often present by global trades as by climate change.

Global warming is one of the most buzzing words these days, as the average temperature increased up to 6.4℃ before the end of 21st century and the water level to 59cm causing severe draught, heavy snowfall, and monster typhoon all over the world. The capacity of natural ecosystem will not be able to contain such changes. Many of the species will be endangered and some of them are warned to be extinct, and accordingly water and food supply will not meet the demand of human. In 2007, IPCC, Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change, made fourth report about global warming and estimated that the CO2 content in the atmosphere increased about 1.35 times to 379ppm at 2005 from 280ppm before the industrialization period pulling the average air temperature up by 0.7℃ a year. The water level as well increased by 1.8mm a year as the polar iceberg and permanent snow melt down. Global warming caused by environmental pollution and greenhouse gas may lead to the increase of price of not only agricultural product but also the industrial products as a consequence, a phenomenon so called Ecoflation, Ecology+inflation. IPCC forecasted that if the present phase use of fossil energy continues the air temperature in 2090-2099 will increase by 4℃ and the water level by 26-59cm compared to that of 1980-1999, warning particularly that the average increase of global temperature by 1.5-2.5℃ a year will put the species of 20-30% into danger of extinction. According to the report by the Korea National Statistical Office about the effect of climate change on the production of agriculture and fishery, the cultivation area of apple which is typical temperate fruit decreased to 29,204ha in 2007 from 52,447ha in 1992. On the other hand the cultivation area of peach increased greatly to 15,014ha(2005) compared to 12,000ha in 1996 as it became possible to grow wherever in Korea. Similar change can also be found for orange and grape, orange can be grown in Jeonnam and Kyuongnam province, and grape in Kangwon province. Jeju island and southern coastal area of Korea worry about the inhabitation of subtropical pests when they invade these area, in fact the pest outbreak as a result of the increase of generation a year is ever more frequent. The typical examples are Paratlanticus ussuriensis (Uvarov), the lantern fly, Lycorma delicatula, and the fruit moths like Carposina sasakii Walsingham.

Global warming has serious implications for all aspects of human life, including elevated sea levels, crop failure and famine, changes in global rainfall patterns, changes to plant and animal populations, and serious health effects. Especially Infectious diseases are global entities that depend dynamically on the interaction between the population and the existing regional climate. The global warming requires a basic understanding of the greenhouse effect. In nature, the greenhouse effect is responsible for elevating the Earth’s temperature, making it possible for life to thrive. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons, per fluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. Population size and global warming are related because human activities increase production of greenhouse gases. This effect culminates in global warming and ecosystem. Severe weather events may result in injuries and fatalities, and heat waves can cause direct effects such as dehydration heat asthenia, hear exhaustion, heat stroke, and respiratory disease. Earth system changes increasing climate variability, increased rainfall in some areas and drought in others, and more frequent severe weather events, have considerable potential to affect human health. Impact of Climate change on Public Health is difficult to quantify the exact risk. Particularly, about infectious diseases, the impact depends on the complex interaction between the human host population and the causative infectious agent. Important human factors include crowding, food scarcity, poverty, and local environmental decline. Some health effects of climate change may result from indirect impacts on natural ecosystems Ecosystem changes can increase the rage, seasonality, and infectivity of some vector borne disease. For example, altered climatic conditions can change the habitats of vectors such as mosquitoes or rats and affect the parasites they carry. Changing the abundance and geographic range of carriers and parasites could shift the seasonal occurrence of many infectious diseases and cause them to spread. Heavy rain falls and related factors are associated with water borne disease outbreaks, and these may increase the risk of food borne illness. Higher levels of carbon dioxide and heat may promote production of allergens by such plants as ragweed, and warmer weather may promote the formation of groundlevel ozone. Humidity combined with heat facilitates fungal growth and transmission The World Health Organization estimated, in its "World Health Report 2002", that climate change was estimated to be responsible in 2000 for approximately 2.4% of worldwide diarrhoea, and 6% of malaria in some middle-income countries . However, small changes, against a noisy background of ongoing changes in other causal factors, are hard to identify. Clearly, global warming will cause changes in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. The ability of mankind to react or adapt is dependent upon the magnitude and speed of the change. The outcome will also depend on our ability to recognize epidemics early, to contain them effectively, to provide appropriate treatment, and to commit resources to prevention and research This article will introduce the concepts of global warming, focus on the impact of climate changes on human health and infectious disease, and present future strategy in KCDC

This study examines the changes of an interdecadal circulation over the Asian continent to find cause of the surface warming in Siberia from 1958 to 2004. According to our study, there is a coherency between a long-term change of sea surface temperature in the Indian Ocean and the rapid increase of air temperature in Siberia since 1976/1977. In this study, we suggest that mean wind field changes induced by the positive sea surface temperature anomalies of the Indian Ocean since 1976/1977 are caused of inter-decadal variations in a large-scale circulation over the Asian continent. It also indicates that the inter-decadal circulation over the Asian continent is accompanied with warm southerly winds near surface, which have significantly contributed to the increase of surface temperature in Siberia. These southerly winds have been one of the most dominant interdecadal variations over the Asian continent since 1976/1977. In addition, we investigated the long-term trend mode of 850 hPa geopotential height data over the Asian continent from the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis for 1958-2004. In result, we found that there was an anomalously high pressure pattern over the Asian continent, it is called 'the Asian High mode'. It is thus suggested that the Asian High mode is another response of interdecadal changes of large-scale circulations over the Asian continent.

본 연구에서는 비침습적으로 압력 맥파를 검출하는 토노메트리 방식의 맥파 측정 장비인 SphygmoCor(AtCor, Australia)를 사용하여 측정자세에 따라 맥파를 측정하였다. 측정 결과를 통해 선 자세, 앉은 자세, 누운 자세에 따른 맥파의 분석 지표들의 변화를 분석하였다. 또한 측정된 데이터를 저혈압군, 정상혈압군, 고혈압군으로 구분하여 혈압군에 따른 맥파의 비교를 수행하였다. 그 결과 자세에 따른 요골동맥의 파형에서 유의차를 보인 분석지표는 맥파의 진폭에 해당되는 압력 보다 주요 피크가 발생되는 시간에서 나타났다. 맥압의 경우 맥파증대계수(AI)나 중심동맥압과 요골동맥압의 비율과 같이 맥압 간의 비율이 자세에 따른 변별력이 있었다. 사후검정에 따라 각 자세별로 상호 간에 모두 유의한 차이를 보인 분석지표는 주파(PT1)와 반사파(PT2)의 시간, 심박출지속시간(ED), 심박수(HR)로 나타났다. 혈압군에 대한 비교에서 대부분 맥파의 시간에 해당되는 지표보다 주요 피크의 진폭에 해당되는 맥파의 압력을 나타내는 지표가 혈압군에 따른 유의차를 보였다.

In this study, mold does not modify the overall. And core was developed as part of a separate. And not detached from the injection mold core part of the device only has to exchange. It has to perform the simulation of resin flow injection. Result of analysis, problems were observed. To create the change core of the four kinds of production prototypes and replace only with the exchange of change core operation of the injection. As a result, there were able to get a products with smooth surface.

본 연구는 박스거더단면을 대상으로 정적공기력특성에 미치는 단면형상의 영향을 파악하기 위하여 변장비 B/ D=2.5~15 범위에서 6종류의 기본단면을 채택하고 하부거더의 개수 및 브래킷 길이를 변화시킨 총 47개 단면에 대하여 영 각 -8o~+8o 범위에서 풍동실험을 통하여 정적공기력을 측정하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면, 전연박리류의 재부착여부에 따라 정적공기력계수는 확연한 차이를 나타냈으며, 브래킷부의 유무에 따라서도 공기력계수의 변화특성이 달라졌으며, 하부거 더수의 변화는 공기력계수의 변화에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또, 영각 -5o~+5o 범위에서 최대 항력계수는 CD=1.5 정도로 현행 기준치에 약간 밑도는 값으로 나타났으나, 양력계수는 최대값이 CL=0.95, 최소값은 -0.6 정도로 무시할 만큼 작은 값은 아니므로 향후 설계기준개정시 반영되어야 될 것으로 판단된다. 모멘트계수은 최대값 0.05, 최소값은 -0.29로서의 타 계수에 비하여 미소한 값으로 나타났다.

남해 여자만에서 홀로세 후기 해수면 변화에 상응하는 저서성 유공충 변화를 알아보기 위하여 4개의 주상시료를 채취하고, 입도분석, 유공충 종 분류 및 군집 설정, 통계 분석을 실시하였다. 주상시료의 구성퇴적물은 주로 세립질의 실트와 점토로 구성된다. 저서성 유공충은 Core YC-1에서 16속 27종, YC-2에서는 21속 30종, YC-3에서는 29속 50종 그리고 Core YC-4에서는 29속 52종이 분류되었다. 집괴분석 결과 Core YC-1과 YC-2의 Group 1은 A. beccarii 군집이 대표군집으로서 만 상부 퇴적환경, Core YC-3과 YC-4의 Group 2는 E. clavatum-A. beccarii 군집이 대표군집으로서 외해수의 영향을 상대적으로 많이 받는 하부 내만 환경 하에서 퇴적된 것을 지시하고 있다. 종 구성 분석 결과, 하부로부터 상부로 향하여 A. beccarii의 산출빈도는 점점 감소하였고, E. clavatum과 P.F./T.F.의 산출빈도는 점점 증가하였다. 저서성 유공충과 부유성 유공충에서 나타난 이러한 변화 형태는 여자만내에서 홀로세 후기 해수면 상승을 반영하고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of knit samples' mechanical properties on changes of skirt length of knit flared skirt, and to compare it to the knitting method of a seamless knitted flare skirt. So, I compared the appearance and 3-dimensional shape of a seamless knitted flare skirt with those of a fully cut knit flared skirt. For this study, 18 kinds of cut and sew or seamless knitted test garment were made. The data analysis methods used in this study were descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The results are as follows: The result of the evaluation of knit samples' mechanical properties by the KES-FB system showed that elongation decreased as gauge increased and course direction was greatest among grain directions. The length change after wearing the knitted flare skirts appeared wholly equal to the seamless knitted, compared with the cut and sew. The change was biggest at 180°, 7G of the cut and sew. In grain direction, bias cut showed more than 1.2cm of length change. As the weight and thickness increased, the length changes become larger. The regression analysis indicated that the greatest contributive variables on the length changes were elongation, weight, and thickness.

본 연구는 신학 전공 대학생들과 과학 교육 전공 대학생들과의 비교를 통하여 신학 전공 대학생들의 우주와 생명의 기원에 관련된 관점과 과학에 대한 인식을 알아보며, 신학 전공 대학생들을 대상으로 개설한 현대 과학의 이해와 관련된 과목을 한 학기 수강한 이후에 일어나는 관점의 변화를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위해 신학 전공 대학생 26명과 과학교육 전공 대학생 19명이 설문에 참여하였다. 신학 전공 대학생들의 경우, 수강 전 젊은 지구 창조론과 오랜 지구 창조론을 합하여 42%, 유신론적 진화론을 지지하는 응답자는 42%로 나타났으며 생물학적 진화론을 지지하는 응답자는 단 한 명도 없었다. 이에 반해, 과학교육을 전공하는 대학생들 대부분의 진화론을 지지하고 있었으며 극단적인 입장의 창조론을 지지하는 응답자는 없는 것으로 드러났다. 또한 창조론을 지지하는 대부분의 응답자는 과학이 창조주의 업적을 기술하는 도구라고 생각하는 경우가 많았고, 과학적 진화론을 지지하는 응답자는 과학이 자연 세계에 대한 논리적이고 기술적인 체계라는 견해를 가지고 있었다. 신학 전공 대학생들이 현대 과학에 대한 이해와 관련한 과목을 수강한 이후, 젊은 지구 창조론과 같은 극단적 관점을 지지하는 경우가 23%에서 4%로 감소하였으며, 유신론적 진화론의 관점은 다소 증가하였다. 이는 신학 전공 대학생들의 과학 관련 과목 수강이 신학 전공의 바탕에서 과학적 진화론을 이해하려는 실마리를 제공한다고 볼 수 있다.