During wartime, the operation of engineering equipment plays a pivotal role in bolstering the combat prowess of military units. To fully harness this combat potential, it is imperative to provide efficient support precisely when and where it is needed most. While previous research has predominantly focused on optimizing equipment combinations to expedite individual mission performance, our model considers routing challenges encompassing multiple missions and temporal constraints. We implement a comprehensive analysis of potential wartime missions and developed a routing model for the operation of engineering equipment that takes into account multiple missions and their respective time windows of required start and completion time. Our approach focused on two primary objectives: maximizing overall capability and minimizing mission duration, all while adhering to a diverse set of constraints, including mission requirements, equipment availability, geographical locations, and time constraints.

This study investigated the effects of exposure frequency, depth of processing, and activity repetition types on vocabulary learning. In total, 78 South Korean fifth-grade students were divided into four conditions. Students in each condition were asked to read a passage with four of the eight target words (exposure: four times) and the other four words (exposure: once) for three days, and to perform the vocabulary activities assigned to each condition. According to the results, exposure frequency and activity repetition type had significant effects on vocabulary learning. Activity repetition type also had a significant interaction effect with exposure frequency and depth of processing. Notably, presenting a word 12 times (4x3) in reading intervals had a more positive impact on vocabulary learning than presenting it three times (1x3), particularly when different vocabulary activities were repeated. Meanwhile, when the same activity was repeated, an activity with a higher depth of processing was more effective for vocabulary learning.

4.19혁명은 이승만정권의 3.15부정선거에 분노하여 학생과 시민 들이 부패한 권력을 축출하고 새로운 권력을 창출했다. 이는 한국 민주주의 역사에서 시민혁명이었다. 4.19혁명의 숭고한 민주정신 은 이후 1979년 부마항쟁으로부터 1987년 6월항쟁에 이르기까지 한국민주화운동에 그대로 계승되어 한국민주주의를 선도했다. 4.19혁명정신과 민주이념은 개정헌법에 반영돼 민주화운동의 정당 성을 확보하였고, 4.19혁명기록물은 2023년 유네스코 세계기록유 산으로 등재돼 한국민주주의를 세계적으로도 널리 확산시키는 계 기를 마련하게 되었다. 4.19혁명정신계승과 선양사업은 2023년 국 가보훈부 승격으로 향후 더욱 확대될 가능성이 높지만, 그럼에도 4.19혁명정신계승과 선양사업은 보훈선진국 사례를 적용하여 민주 시민교육 확대와 민·관·학 거버넌스 형태의 민주시민교육 프로그램 을 더 개발해 나가야 한다.

This study addresses the optimal design methodology for switching between active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar operating modes to easily select the necessary information to reduce pilots' cognitive load and physical workload in situations where diverse and complex information is continuously provided. This study presents a procedure for defining a hidden Markov chain model (HMM) for modeling operating mode changes based on time series data on the operating modes of the AESA radar used by pilots while performing mission scenarios with inherent uncertainty. Furthermore, based on a transition probability matrix (TPM) of the HMM, this study presents a mathematical programming model for proposing the optimal structural design of AESA radar operating modes considering the manipulation method of a hands on throttle-and-stick (HOTAS). Fighter pilots select and activate the menu key for an AESA radar operation mode by manipulating the HOTAS’s rotary and toggle controllers. Therefore, this study presents an optimization problem to propose the optimal structural design of the menu keys so that the pilot can easily change the menu keys to suit the operational environment. K

폴리벤즈이미다졸(PBI) 기반의 막은 내구성이 우수한 네트워크 구조를 가지는 구조재료로서의 우수한 강성과 더 불어서 고온에서의 우수한 내열성, 우수한 기계적 및 인장 특성, 높은 유리전이온도(Tg), 물이 없는 무수 환경에서의 이온 전 도성능, 산화와 화학적 내구성으로 지난 20년 동안 다양한 용도의 대중적인 막 재료로 다양한 문헌에서 보고되어 왔다. 이온 전도성 PBI 기반 막은 고온용 양이온 교환막 연료 전지(HT-PEMFC)에서 광범위하게 사용되어왔다. 또한 PBI 기반 막은 독 특한 특성으로 인해 기체분리막 및 유기용매나노여과(OSN) 막 개발에서 광범위하게 사용되어왔다. 이번 리뷰에서는 고온용 연료전지, 기체분리 및 OSN 적용을 위한 다양한 유형의 PBI 기반 막의 최근 연구동향 및 적용가능성에 대해 설명하고자 한다.

In academia, the parts outside the definitions in phonetic-semantic reference books are ambiguously termed, referred to as “revealed characters”, “word entries”, “lexical entries”, or “character entries”. Based on the meticulously revised Japanese manuscript of “Xuan Ying’s Phonetic-Semantic Explanations”, this paper conducts a comprehensive study on the origins of these parts, their relationship with the explanations, and their functions. It is discovered that this content not only originates from the scriptures but also from related prefaces or accompanying annotations. Their primary function is to “locate” and “identify the explained words”. Hence, they are termed as “label entries”. The function of the labels in “Xuan Ying’s Phonetic-Semantic Explanations” is to indicate the position of the interpreted terms in the scripture, and they do not form a relationship of interpretation and being interpreted with the exegesis as a whole.

Cho, Sungwon. (2023). “Speech Adjustment in Adverb According to the Gender of the Recipient”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 279-305. This article aims to examine the use of adverbs by Korean men and women in conversations with each other, depending on the gender of the interlocutor. It has long been argued in sociolinguistics that language use of one gender to the other can clearly adjusted, even if they belong to the same social group. Gender of the receiver, in this sense, can be considered as a factor in context which fosters certain speech-adjusting behavior. If men and women use different languages, typical gender specific speech style may be present in the speaker recognition, and as a result, intentional or unintentional accommodation may occur. However, there has been no research on how the speech of one gender is accommodated by the other gender in Korean. The frequency difference between male and female speakers were significantly smaller in single-gender dyads compared to mixed gender dyads, which leads to conclusion that speakers mimic more of receiver’s speech style when conversating with opposite gender.

For the past 70 years, an intense rivalry has persisted on the Korean Peninsula, and North Korea's nuclear and missile threats are becoming increasingly imminent. Facing a shortage of military resources, South Korea has pursued a national defense reform, significantly reducing the number of units and troops while focusing on ground forces. However, North Korea's strategic objective of unifying South Korea through surprise attacks, prompt responses, and combined nuclear and missile assaults remains unchanged. The central issue in this context revolves around determining the appropriate size of the Korean military's standing forces. This study employs the concept of net assessment as a novel method to ascertain the optimal size of the Korean military. Threats, strategic objectives, doctrine, and unit rotations are simultaneously considered from the enemy's perspective. In anticipation of security risks on the Korean Peninsula, an acceptable troop size will be proposed using the net assessment approach to calculate the appropriate standing force size.

This study examined translingual practices in two playdates of a Korean four-year-old boy (Theo) with a Korean boy and an American boy. The boys played a game called Candy Land. In both playdates, the boys’ naturally occurring English and Korean communication strategies were observed and analyzed based on Canagarajah’s (2013) four types of negotiation strategies: envoicing, recontextualization, interactional, and entextualization. They adapted and accommodated translingual practices in communicative situations using strategies such as body language, whispering, codemeshing, and codeswitching. Interviews were conducted with Theo to examine his understanding of his language as a user of Korean and English in the United States. Theo expressed his thoughts about language in metaphor, using his hands, and asserted that he needed English to have a sense of belonging and access to resources in his preschool.

효소 고정화 막 생물반응기(EMBRs)는 폐수 내의 염료를 처리하는 새로운 방법입니다. 이 분야는 효소의 효능과 환경에 대한 높은 저항성 때문에 많은 양의 연구가 진행되었습니다. 효소 자체와 해당 효소의 구조를 모두 포함하는 다양한 방법이 EMBR에 접근할 수 있습니다. 생물반응기 자체는 염료 제거의 필요에 맞게 변형될 수 있습니다. 효소적 생물반응기 부터 산화 그래핀 또는 탄소 나노튜브와 같은 나노구조를 사용하는 것까지 다양합니다. 또한 TiO2와 같은 나노입자는 EMBR 을 더욱 향상시키기 위해 사용될 수 있습니다. 폴리머 기반의 막 지지 구조는 또한 효능 증가의 문제에 접근하는 다양한 방 법을 포함합니다. 본 바와 같이, 지난 수십 년 동안 EMBR을 사용하는 이 문제에 대한 다양한 접근법이 수행되었습니다. 이 검토는 방법론을 요약하고 EMBR에 대한 다양한 개선 사항을 설명하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

이 연구의 목적은 2·8 독립선언 전후의 사정과 의의를 체계화하여 3·1 독립운동의 도화선의 한계를 넘어 학생운동의 한국적 의미와 독립운동 전반에 미친 영향, 이후 학생활동에 미친 영향 등을 규명하는 데 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 윌슨의 민족자결론과 고종황제의 서거는 조선 민족의 독립운동에 대한 기대와 기회를 만들어주었다. 둘째, 동경 유학생들의 2·8 독립선언과 해외 독립운동가와의 네트워크가 3·1독립운 동을 촉진한 요인으로 나타났다. 셋째, 동경 유학생 단체는 조선 독립의 방향과 이론을 정립하는 조직적 세력으로 성장하였으며 민족 독립의 지 혜와 역량을 갖추고 있었다. 넷째, 2·8 독립선언은 일단 실패로 돌아갔으 나 이후 독립운동으로 발전하였다. 유학생들의 독립선언은 국내 독립운 동가 지도층에게 적극적인 지원을 끌어냄으로써 3･1 독립운동에도 지대 한 영향을 미쳤다. 다섯째, 2･8 독립선언은 이후 오사카에서 독립선언이 나 국내 독립운동 등 다양하고 분화된 형태로 전개되는 과정에서 큰 역 할을 담당했다. 또한, 많은 유학생이 귀국하여 독립운동에 참여하거나 나 중에 임시정부에 가담하여 적극적인 항일투쟁을 전개하였다. 결론적으로 2·8 독립선언은 이후 실천적 행동적 의지를 갖추고 향후 독립운동을 전 개하는 데 발판을 제공하였다.

In the (3,3) close combat model based on the Lanchester Square Law, this study proposes a plan to optimally allocate residual combat power after the battle to other battlefields. As soon as the two camps of three units can grasp each other's information and predict the battle pattern immediately after the battle began, the Time Zero Allocation of Force (TZAF) scenario was used to initially allocate combat power to readjust the combat model. It reflects travel time, which is a "field friction" in which physical distance exists from battlefields that support combat power to battlefields that are supported. By developing existing studies that try to examine the effect of travel time on the battlefield through the combat model, this study forms a (3,3) combat model, which is a large number of minimum units. In order to achieve the combat purpose, the principle of optimal combat force operation is presented by examining the aspect that support combat power is allocated to the two battlefields and the consequent battle results. Through this, various scenarios were set in consideration of the travel time and the situation of the units, and differentiated results were obtained. Although the most traditional, it can be used as the basic logic of the training or the commander's decision-making system using the actual war game model.

Starting from the relationship between the Shui Script and the almanac of the Han Ethnic Group, this paper observes further about the Shui Script, and thinks that the fundamental nature of the Shui Script system is its hybridity: the Shui script is generally the same as the almanac of the Han Ethnic Group in the basic principles, the divination of weal and woe, the logic of expression and cultural connotation. Besides, it also reflects the cultural characteristics of the nationality of Shui Ethnic Group, mainly in the spirit system and the selection of auspicious matters. The Shui Script is a hybrid system in cultural connotation. The analysis of the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the Shui Script shows that the language system of the Shui Script is a hybrid system mainly composed of Chinese and mixed with a little Sui language. The system of the Shui character is a hybrid system composed of Chinese characters and Chinese form altered graph as very high frequency common words, and the self-defined characters of the Shui Script as low frequency uncommon words. On the basis of the above research, the nature of the Shui Script is re-recognized: the Shui character can record the content of the Shui Script word by word, it is the word writing, rather than the “phrase character”; the Shui character system is a hybrid system of borrowed words from Chinese, supplemented by Shui nationality’s own characters. From the perspective of language system and recorded content, it is possible that there is no pure self-initiated character, so we should distinguish the two concepts of self-initiated characters and self-defined characters.

This study investigated whether the framework of writing for English learners should be guided by the well-established reading-writing relation or by the receptive and productive nature of literacy skills. The writings of 209 advanced English learners in Korea were analyzed in relation to receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension while controlling for writing fluency. Two sets of structural equation models were fitted: (1) productive skills (productive vocabulary and writing fluency) mediating receptive skills (receptive vocabulary and reading) and (2) reading mediating receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge. The results supported the second model in which reading completely mediated the contribution of receptive and productive vocabulary to writing. Although there were no direct effects of receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge, both had significant indirect effects on writing through reading and writing fluency. These results show that reading has a strong direct effect on writing above and beyond vocabulary, and that vocabulary knowledge contributes to writing development through reading.

The purpose of this study is to identify the major peacekeeping activities that the Korean armed forces has performed from the past to the present. To do this, we collected 692 press releases from the National Defense Daily over the past 20 years and performed topic modeling and social network analysis. As a result of topic modeling analysis, 112 major keywords and 8 topics were derived, and as a result of examining the Korean armed forces's peacekeeping activities based on the topics, 6 major activities and 2 related matters were identified. The six major activities were 'Northeast Asian defense cooperation', 'multinational force activities', 'civil operations', 'defense diplomacy', 'ceasefire monitoring group', and 'pro-Korean activities', and 'general troop deployment' related to troop deployment in general. Next, social network analysis was performed to examine the relationship between keywords and major keywords related to topic decision, and the keywords ‘overseas’, ‘dispatch’, and ‘high level’ were derived as key words in the network. This study is meaningful in that it first examined the topic of the Korean armed forces's peacekeeping activities over the past 20 years by applying big data techniques based on the National Defense Daily, an unstructured document. In addition, it is expected that the derived topics can be used as a basis for exploring the direction of development of Korea's peacekeeping activities in the future.

본 연구는 중국의 대유럽 공공외교 전략과 그 핵심 요소인 '공자학원' 에 대해 심층적으로 분석한다. 공자학원은 중국이 세계적인 문화외교 활 동의 일환으로 설립했으며, 이를 통해 전 세계적으로 중국문화의 영향력 을 확장하려는 목적을 둔다. 공자학원은 중국 정부의 전폭적인 지원을 받으며, 빠르게 확산되었다. 2020년 말 기준으로, 전 세계 160여 개 국 가에 540개 이상의 공자학원이 설립되었다는 점이 이를 증명한다. 유럽 지역은 공자학원 중심지로 두각을 나타내었지만, 최근 일부 유럽 지역에 서는 공자학원에 대한 비판적 시각이 증가하고 있다. 이와 같은 시각은 폐쇄 또는 퇴출 움직임으로 이어지고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 움직임의 배경과 원인을 분석하고, 유럽 내 공자학원의 현황을 체계적으로 조사한 다. 이를 통해 유럽에서의 중국 공공외교 전략의 효과와 한계를 평가하 고자 한다.

As technologies have been more quickly developed in this 4th Industry Revolution era, their application to defense industry has been also growing. With these much advanced technologies, we attempt to use Manned-Unmanned Teaming systems in various military operations. In this study, we consider the Location-Routing Problem for reconnaissance surveillance missions of the maritime manned-unmanned surface vehicles. As a solution technique, the two-phase method is presented. In the first location phase, the p-median problem is solved to determine which nodes are used as the seeds for the manned vehicles using Lagrangian relaxation with the subgradient method. In the second routing phase, using the results obtained from the location phase, the Vehicle Routing Problems are solved to determine the search routes of the unmanned vehicles by applying the Location Based Heuristic. For three network data sets, computational experiments are conducted to show the performance of the proposed two-phase method.

Lee, Jeongbok. (2023). “Analysis of Netizens' Attitudes Toward the Language of K-pop Lyrics: Focusing on BTS”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 235-277. This study analyzes the language of K-pop lyrics and netizens’ attitudes toward it to clarify the relationship between K-pop lyrics and the Korean language. The number of K-pop songs written in English is increasing, and the proportion of English in the lyrics is high as well. There has also been an increase in the number of songs having only English lyrics. In addition, there are many songs whose lyrics have been changed to Japanese to promote them in Japan. Some netizens had a positive attitude toward foreign language lyrics and stated that they were aware that K-pop was expanding overseas and catering to fans worldwide; therefore, the use of foreign language lyrics was understandable. Furthermore, they stated that such lyrics were good because they provided a different feeling. However, negative attitudes were stronger because many felt that the lyrics of K-pop songs that used large amounts of English were not easily comprehensible, blurred the identity of K-pop, and lowered the quality of the songs. The researchers believe that having Korean lyrics is the minimum requirement for K-pop, and when K-pop maintains its identity and receives love worldwide, the Korean and Hangul that support it will also receive global attention.

In this research, a new Test and Evaluation (T&E) procedure for defense AI systems is proposed to fill the existing gap in established methodologies. This proposed concept incorporates a data-based performance evaluation, allowing for independent assessment of AI model efficacy. It then follows with an on-site T&E using the actual AI system. The performance evaluation approach adopts the project promotion framework from the defense acquisition system, outlining 10 steps for R&D projects and 9 steps for procurement projects. This procedure was crafted after examining AI system testing standards and guidelines from both domestic and international civilian sectors. The validity of each step in the procedure was confirmed using real-world data. This study's findings aim to offer insightful guidance in defense T&E, particularly in developing robust T&E procedures for defense AI systems.

Qianjin Yaofang by Sun Simiao of the Tang Dynasty is a comprehensive collection of medical classics. The original version has been lost. Zhenben Qianjinfang, as the earliest extant version, contains a large number of common characters and has a very high reference value. This article takes the common characters in Zhenben Qianjinfang as the object of investigation, and uses research methods such as document collation, Chinese character studies, and exegesis to comprehensively sort out and systematically describe the common characters in the book, in order to provide reference for the study of ancient medical books. Based on preliminary statistics, there are a total of 661 pairs of characters that have a relationship between orthodox and secular in Zhenben Qianjinfang. Referring to Mr. Zhang Yongquan’s classification method of vulgar characters, these vulgar characters can be divided into nine categories, including changing meanings, changing sound symbols, simplification of glyphs, multiplication of glyphs, writing variation, splitting or merging of components, displacement of components, newly created vulgar characters, and borrowing pronunciation and common words, etc. For each type of common characters, typical examples are cited for critical analysis to explain the formation mechanism and rationale behind the glyphs of the common characters. To sum up, the formation of the common characters in Zhenben Qianjinfang is mainly the result of the combined effects of two internal and external factors. The evolution of glyphs, the need for semantic expression, and the phonetic characteristics of Chinese characters have contributed to the emergence of vulgar characters within the language system, while external factors such as politics, technology, and culture have also had a certain impact on the formation of common characters.