Snails and slugs are members of the mollusk phylum. They are similar in biology and structure, except slugs lack the snail's external spiral shell. Snails and slugs feed on a variety of living plants, decaying plant matter, fruit, and flowers. They are among the most bothersome creatures on horticultural crops such as Chinese cabbage, cabbage, lettuce, ginseng, lily, and orchid (Kim et al., 1990; Kim, 1992; Sorensen, 1994). Several species of

As model waterborne acrylic coatings, mono-dispersed poly(butyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate) copolymer latexes of random copolymer and core/shell type graft copolymer were prepared by seeded multi-staged emulsion polymerization with particle size of 180~200 nm using semi-batch type process. Sodium lauryl sulfate and potassium persulfate were used as an emulsifier and an initiator, respectively. The effect of particle texture including core/shell phase ratio, glass transition temperature and crosslinking density, and film forming temperature on the film formation and final properties of film was investigated using SEM, AFM, and UV in this study. The film formation behavior of model latex was traced simultaneously by the weight loss measurement and by the change of tensile properties and UV transmittance during the entire course of film formation. It was found that the increased glass transition temperature and higher crosslinking degree of latex resulted in the delay of the onset of coalescence of particles by interdiffusion during film forming process. This can be explained qualitatively in terms of diffusion rate of polymer chains. However, the change of weight loss during film formation was insensitive to discern each film forming stages-I, II and III.

A colorless and transparent zirconium oxide (Zr0.73Y0.27O1.87) crystal has been synthesized by the Bridgman-Stockbager method. The gem-quality material is produced by adding 20∼25 wt.% Y2O3 (stabilizer) and 0.04 wt.% Nd2O3 (decolorising agent) to the ZrO2 powder. It shows a vitreous luster with a slight oily appearance. Under a polarizing microscope, it shows isotropic nature with no appreciable anisotropism. Mohs hardness value and specific gravity is measured to be 8∼8½ and 5.85, respectively. Under ultraviolet light it shows a faint white glow. The crystal structure of yttria-stabilized zirconia with 0.27 at.% Y has been re-investigated, using single crystal X-ray diffraction, and confirmed to be a cubic symmetry, space group Fmøverline3m (O5h) with a=5.1552(5) A, V=136.99(5) A3, Z=4. The stabilizer atoms randomly occupy the zirconium sites and there are displacements of oxygen atoms with amplitudes of δ/a∼0.033 and 0.11 along 〈110〉 and 〈111〉 from the ideal positions of the fluorite structure, respectively.

등축정계의 결정구조를 지니는 무색 투명한 저코니아(Zr0.73Y0.27O1.87) 결정을 Y2O3를 안정제로 사용하여 Bridgman-Stockbager법(또는 Skull 용융법)으로 합성하였다. 육성된 결정은 유리광택을 나타내며 동시에 약간의 지방 광택도 띤다. 저코니아 결정은 편광현미경하에서 등방성을 나타내며 이방성의 징후는 발견되지 않는다. 모스 경도는 8∼8½이고 비중은 5.85이다. 자외선하에서는 약한 백색 형광을 낸다. 단결정법으로 결정한 저코니아의 결정구조는 등축정계이며, 공간군은 Fm3m(O5h)이다. 단위포 상수(a)는 5.1552(5)A이며, V=136.99(5)A, Z=4, R=0.0488이다. 저코니움 원자는 각 모서리에 산소 원자가 자리잡고 있는 육면체의 중심에 위치하고 있으며, 각 산소 원자는 저코니움 원자로 되어 있는 사면체의 중심에 위치하고 있다. 결국 8:4의 배위수가 성립하는 구조를 하고 있다.

Communication, Ocean And Meteorological Satellite (COMS) Meteorological Imager (MI) images are processed for radiometric and geometric correction from raw image data. When intermediate image data are matched and compared with reference landmark images in the geometrical correction process, various techniques for edge detection can be applied. It is essential to have a precise and correct edged image in this process, since its matching with the reference is directly related to the accuracy of the ground station output images. An edge detection method based on neural networks is applied for the ground processing of MI images for obtaining sharp edges in the correct positions. The simulation results are analyzed and characterized by comparing them with the results of conventional methods, such as Sobel and Canny filters.

In order to simulate a free surface flow in a trench channel, a three-dimensional incompressible unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are closed with the model. The artificial compressibility (AC) method is used. Because the pressure

Effects of Gal geun (Puerariae Radix) EtOH ext. on lipid lowering and antioxidant were investigated in hyperlipidemic rat. Concentration of FFA and triglyceride in plasma showed a tendency to decrease in Gal geun ext. groups. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased in Gal geun ext. groups. However the concentration of HDL-cholesterol showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. Concentration of liver total cholesterol and triglyceride showed a tendence to decrease in Gal geun ext. groups. Concentration of plasma and liver TBARS showed a low values in Gal geun ext. groups. The values of GSH-Px and SOD activity showed no significantly different among all the treatment groups. However the values of SOD and CAT activity showed a high value in the Gal geun ext. groups.

The content of four phonolic acids 1-4, and two flavonol aglycones 14 and 15 from Orostachysjaponicus A. Berger grown under night-break and day-length controlled experiments was estimated and compared with those in wild plants. The amount of the phenolic acids 1-4 and the flavonol aglycones 14 and 15 increased with increasing light irradiation under both the night-break and day-length control conditions. It was disclosed that the cultivation conditions such as the night-break and the day-length control were not adversely affect the production of phenolic acids and flavonols in Orostachys japonicus A. Berger extracts.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate an efficacy of in vitro differentiated human embryonic stem (hES, MB03) cells expressing Nurr1 in relief of symptomatic motor behavior of Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models MB03 was genetically modified to express Nurr1 protein and was induced to differentiate according to 2-/4+ protocol using retinoic acid and ascorbic acid. The differentiation-induced cells were selected for 10 to 20 days thereafter in N2 medium. Upon selection, cells expressing GFAP, TH, or NF200 were 38.8%, 11%, and 20.5%, respectively. in order to examine therapeutic effects of the differentiated cells in PD animal model, rats were unilaterally lesioned by administration of 6-kydroxydopamine HCI (6-OHDA) into medial forebrain region (MFB, AP -4.4 mm, ML 1.2 mm, DV 78 mm with incision bar set at -2.4 mm), as a reference to bregma and the surface of the skull. Confirmation of successful lesion by apomorphine-induced rotational behavior, differentiated cells were transplanted into the striatum (AP 1.0, ML 3.5, DV -5.0; AP 0.6, ML 2.5, DV -4.5). Improvements of asymmetric motor behavior by the transplantation were examined every two weeks after the surgery. In two weeks, numbers of rotation by the experimental rats were (P<0.05) of the number before transplantation, however, the ratio increased slightly to in six weeks. In contrast, the ratio of sham-grafted animals ranged from 112.3+8.5% to 139.2+28.9% during the examination. Immunohistochemical studies further confirmed the presence, survival, migration, and expression of TH of the transplanted human cells.

Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate spontaneously into beating cardiomyocytes via embryo-like aggregates. We describe the use of mouse embryonic stem (mES03) cells as a reproducible differentiation system for cardiomyocyte. To induce cardiomyocytic differentiation, mES03 cells were dissociated and allowed to aggregate (EB formation) at the presence of 0 75% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 4 days and then another 4 days without DMSO (4+/4-). Thus treated EBs were plated onto gelatin-coated dish for differentiation. Spontaneously contracting colonies which appeared in approximately 4-5 days upon differentiation. Expression of cardiac-specific genes were determined by RT-PCR. Rebust expression of myosin light chain (MLC-2V), cardiac myosin heavy chain , cardiac muscle heavy polypeptide 7 -MHC), cardiac transcription factor GATA4 and skeletal muscle-specific -subunit of the L-type calcium channel () were detected as early as 8 days after EB formation, but message of cardiac muscle-specific -subunit of the L-type calcium channel (CaCh) were revealed at a low level. Strikingly, the expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) was not detected. When spontaneous contracting cell masses were examined their electrophysiological features by patch-clamp technique, it showed ventricle-like action potential 17 days after the EB formation. This study indicates that mES03 cell-derived cardiomyocytes displayed biochemical and electrophysiological properties of cardiomyocytes and DMSO enhanced development of cardiomyocytes in 4+/4- method.