Environmental factors and changes in phytoplankton community structure before (August 5, 2017), during (August 18 and 25) and after (August 30 and September 15) freshwater input were analyzed to investigate the effects of freshwater input from Ganwol and Bunam lakes located in the upper part of Cheonsu Bay. Due to the large amount of freshwater input in the Cheonsu Bay, the surface salinity of the bay decreased by more than 8 psu, and the thermocline existing in the bay during August weakened. In addition, hypoxic phenomena occurred temporarily in the bay as the low oxygen water mass from the freshwater lakes flowed into the bay, and chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, and N/P increased with freshwater inflow. The density of phytoplankton during the freshwater inflow increased owing to their input from the freshwater lakes. Diatom species (Eucampia zodiacus) dominated the phytoplankton community in the bay before freshwater input; nanoflagellates, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, and diatoms (Pseudonitzschia delicatissima, Chateocceros spp.) entered during freshwater input; and after freshwater inflow ended, diatoms (Chateocceros spp.) again became predominant indicating a return to previous conditions. The amount of phytoplankton standing crops increased sharply due to the inflow of freshwater species into the bay on the second day of discharge compared to before freshwater input; pre-discharge conditions were restored at most stations except at some sites close to the Bunam Lake three days after discharge. Therefore, the large amount of freshwater flowing into the bay affects not only the geochemical circulation in the bay but also the phytoplankton community structure. In particular, the high concentration of nutrients in the freshwater lake affect the marine ecosystem of the bay during August.

Purpose: Functional recovery of the paretic upper extremity post stroke continues to be one the greatest challenges faced by rehabilitation professionals. Although many tasks require the coordinated participation of both hands, rehabilitation strategies for the most part have focused on the paretic limb. This study investigated whether coupled bilateral coordinated movements and repetitive high frequency TMS enhanced upper limb corticomotor excitability and motor function poststroke. Methods: For this study, we compared the neurophysiological and behavioral changes associated with two such rehabilitation protocols: coupled bilateral training and coupled unilateral training. Twenty chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to the two training group over 8-week period. For this experiment, transcranial magnetic stumulation, EMG, Ag/AgCI suface electrode, rehabilitation training equipment, jebsen-talyer hand function kit, box & block, and pinch & power grip test kit were used. Results: First, in the box & block and JTT task, coupled bimanual group showed a reduction in movement time in comparision to receiving coupled unilateral group. Second, in the cortical excitability within affected hemisphere, using TMS, an increased in map volume, and map number following coupled bilateral group. Overall, these finding suggest that a coupled bilateral movement and high frequency repetitive TMS protocol effective in recovering upper limb motor function and cortical excitability in chronic stroke patients.

Purpose: purpose to understand the influence of a goalkeeper's Müller-Lyer posture illusion on the offense's judgement on what direction to throw the ball. Methods: In order to achieve the study objective, ten handball players with more than ten year experience and other ten beginners with experience less than a year participated in the experiment. Every subject performed the task of perception/judgement by watching the video of a goalkeeper on the screen varied by the Müller-Lyer posture illusion, the task of judging the size, the task of judging location of the ball, and the task of throwing the ball. For the experiment, a beam projector, screen, video of goalkeeper's Müller-Lyer posture illusion and mouse motion tracing equipment were used. The group and condition of showing stimulation were the independent variables. Results: In case of the experienced players, first, the wing out posture of the goalkeeper looked bigger in the task of perception/judgement while there were no differences of the results between the task of judging location desired to be thrown and the location of the thrown ball in accordance with the posture. In case of the beginner players, the task of perception/judgement, task of judging location desired to be thrown and the location of the thrown ball had all different results in accordance with the illusion posture of the goalkeeper. In other words, they tried to throw it farther in the wing out posture while throwing it closer in the wing in posture when the goalkeeper looked smaller.

본 연구는 뮬러-라이어 착시 도형을 이용하여 지각과 동작 수행 간에 나타나는 정보획득과정에 어떠한 차이가 있는지 살펴보고, 조준과제와 잡기과제에서 나타난 행동학적 특성을 통해 지각과 동작의 제어 특성을 밝히고자 하는 연구 목적에 부합하기 위하여 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대학생 15명을 연구 대상자로 선정하여 실험에 참여하도록 하였다. 지각판단 과제, 잡는 잡기 과제, 조준과제를 수행하였다. 실험을 위해서 안구 움직임 추적장치(EMR-9), 3차원 동작 분석 시스템을 사용하였다. 이러한 변인에 대한 지각과 동작 수행의 정보획득과정의 차이를 살펴보기 위하여 반복측정 일원분산분석을 실시하였다. 이와 같은 연구 방법 및 분석 결과를 토대로 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 뮬러-라이어 착시 도형에서는 실제 크기와 다르게 지각 하였을 때 잡기 과제에서 다르게 지각한 것이 동작 수행에 영향을 끼쳤고, 최대그립크기와 같은 요인에서도 다르게 지각한 요인의 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과로 부터 지각과 동작 제어 기전에서 연합성과 분리성의 개념이 아닌 복측흐름과 배측흐름에서 서로 상호작용이 발생한다고 볼 수 있다.

Effects of salinity and standard toxic metals on fertilization and embryo development rates were investigated in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1㎖ of 0.5 M KCl into the coelomic cavity. The fertilization and embryo development rates were below 20% when salinity was 25 psu or lower, but were above 90% when salinity was between 30 and 35 psu. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including Cu and Cd) were greater than 90%, but decreased with a high negative correlation (r) of 0.89 and 0.91 with the increasing of Cu and Cd concentrations, respectively. These results suggest that salinity concentrations for successful fertilization and normal embryogenesis of S. nudus are between 30 and 35 psu, and the biological assays of fertilization and embryo development rates using S. nudus are useful methods for the ecological toxicity test of marine pollution elements.

A series of experiments was conducted to identify the potential of five phytoplankton species as standard test species for marine ecotoxicological tests. The candidate phytoplankton species are Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum micans, Isochrysis galbana, and Tetraselmis suecica. Salinity tolerance and sensitivity on potassium dichromate as a reference material were identified. Toxicity of eleven ocean-dumped sewage sludges and four red tide expellent extracts were estimated by the inhibition of population growth rates (PGR) of marine diatom S. costatum. While most species revealed relatively weak tolerance on salinity, T. suecica demonstrated the highest salinity tolerance ranged from 5～35 psu and the others 15～35 psu. H. akashiwo revealed the highest sensitivity as 72h IC50=0.76mg/L and T. suecica the lowest as 72h IC50=8.89mg/L on potassium dichromate. Sludge extracts from industrial waste, domestic sewage and livestock farm waste sludge showed high toxicity as 72h IC50<2% and lowest toxicity from filtration bed sludge as 72h IC50=30.50%. NOEC (No Observed Effective Concentration) of sludge extract ranged from <0.4% to 1.6% and this indicated high phytotoxicity of ocean dumped sewage sludge. The test sensitivity of phytoplankton PGR inhibition was much higher than those of marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis mortality test and bioluminescent inhibition test by marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, and comparable with the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius) fertilization test. As a result the phytotoxicity test using phytoplankton PGR inhibition (IC50) must be a useful tool for marine phyto-toxicological evaluation of ocean dumped materials.