Carbon/epoxy woven composites are prominent wear-resistant materials due to the strength, stiffness, and thermal conductivity of carbon fabric. In this study, the effect of oilabsorption on the wear behaviors of carbon/epoxy woven composites was investigated. Wear tests were performed on dry and fully oil-absorbed carbon/epoxy woven composites. The worn surfaces of the test specimens were examined via scanning electron microscopy to investigate the wear mechanisms of oil-absorbed carbon/epoxy woven composites. It was found that the oil absorption rate was 0.14% when the carbon/epoxy woven composites were fully saturated. In addition, the wear properties of the carbon/epoxy woven composites were found to be affected by oilabsorption. Specifically, the friction coefficients of dry and oil-absorbed carbon/epoxy woven composites were 0.25-0.30 and 0.55-0.6, respectively. The wear loss of the oilabsorbed carbon/epoxy woven composites was 3.52×10-2 cm3, while that of the dry carbon/epoxy woven composites was 3.52×10-2 cm3. SEM results revealed that the higher friction coefficient and wear loss of the oil-absorbed carbon/epoxy woven composites can be attributed to the existence of broken and randomly dispersed fibers due to the weak adhesion forces between the carbon fibers and the epoxy matrix.

Cell transplantation therapy using adult stem cells has recently been identified as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI). But, recovery after traumatic SCI is very limited. As dogs are physiologically much more similar to human compared with other traditional mammalian models in disease presentation and clinical responses, a number of researches demonstrated canis familiaris is a suitable model for human diseases. This study investigated the effect of transplantation of canine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (cMSC) and neural-induced cMSC (nMSC) to understand how these cells improve neurological function in canine SCI model. The differentiation of cMSC into neural precursor cells was induced in dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium supplemented with N2-supplement, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and butylated hydroxyanisole. SCI was induced between T1 and T2 by surgical hemi-section in adult dogs, and then assigned to two groups according to the applied cell types (cMSC vs nMSC). Pelleted cMSC or nMSC were transplanted directly into the injured site after SCI, respectively. Analysis of motor function after transplantation was evaluated by modified Olby score. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histological and immunohistichemical analysis were also performed. Functional recovery in group of cMSC was increasing gradually after transplantation and was higher than nMSC. In MRI, we could not confirm any difference between the cMSC and nMSC experimental groups. Immunohistochemically, beta3-tubuline and nestin were observed in injury site of two experimental groups with the expression level close to non-injured groups. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could promote neuronal reconstruction and repair motor function in SCI. These showed mesenchymal stem cells could be a great candidate as a therapeutic tools in degeneration disease, and dogs could be used to explore human regenerative medicine as a promising animal model. This research was supported by iPET (Grants 110056032CG000), Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea.

Bacterial contamination reduces the semen quality, semen preservation, and cause of disease spread as well. Sperm fertility is essential factor of reproductive performance in swine. Sperm fertility is affected by semen quality such as sperm motility, abnormality, morphology, and rate of bacterial contamination. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between elapsed time after semen preservation on the changes of bacteria and semen quality. Semen was diluted with BTS extender without antibiotic for 7 days and sperm parameter and fertility were measured. Sperm motility was measured by CASA and total bacteria number was counted after 22 24 hr incubation from counting agar plate in which sperm dilute to 10 106 in 0.9% saline solution and inoculate to agar. Acrosomal integrity was measured by Chlortetracycline (CTC) staining. CTC patterns were uniform fluorescence over the whole head (pattern A), characteristic of uncapacitated acrosome-intact spermatozoa; fluorescence-free band in the post-acrosomal region (pattern B), characteristic of capacitated acrosome-intact spermatozoa; and almost no fluorescence over the whole head except for a thin band in the equatorial segment (pattern C), characteristic of acrosome reacted spermatozoa. Total number of bacteria was significantly increased (p<0.0001) 3 days after preservation. Sperm motility, viability, and morphological abnormality on elapsed time after preservation were lower from 5 (77.24±6.47, p<0.001) and 7 days (77.24±6.47, p< 0.001) after preservation compared to 1 (15.71±7.18) and 3 days(18.39±7.22) after preservation, respectively. Sperm viability was significantly lower (53.25±35.03, p<0.0001) at 7 days after preservation. Mohological abnormality of sperm was lower (p<0.001) at 1 (15.71±7.18) and 3 (18.39±7.22) days compared to (5 21.84±7.91) and 7 (22.59± 9.93) days after preservation. Acrosomal integrity and capacitation rate (pattern A) were significantly lower (p<0.001) from 5 days after preservation.

Acteoside (verbascoside) is a typical phenylethanoid glycoside, extracted from various plants. It has various biological functions such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-hypertension. Specially, it was powerful anti-oxidants either by direct scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, or by acting as chain-breaking peroxyl radical scavengers. We examined the role of acteoside in IVM medium on the morphological progress of meiosis, developmental competence, and ROS in porcine oocytes. And we investigated effect of acteoside on the oocytes condition represented by cytoplasmic maturation by homogeneous distribution and formation of cytoplasmic organelles and regulation of apoptosis-related genes. The selected COCs were cultured in TCM-199 with various concentration of acteoside: 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 μM. After 22 h of maturation with hormones, the oocytes were washed twice in a fresh maturation medium before being cultured in hormone-free medium for additional 22 h. The oocytes maturation rates of supplemented with acteoside were no significantly different compared with control group (71.13, 75.96, 72.95 and 73.68%, respectively). Level of ROS was significantly decreased in acteoside treated group. Furthermore, the parthenogenetic blastocyst rate was significantly improved in 10 μM acteoside treated group compared with control group (40.03 vs. 22.95%). During IVM, 10 μM acteoside treated oocytes showed that the mitochondria and lipid droplet were smaller and homogeneous distribution in cytoplasm compare with non-treated control oocytes. And reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) witarthenogenetic blstocysts revealed that acteoside increased the anti-apoptoticgenes, otherwise reibued pro-apoptotic genes. In conclusion, our results represents that addition of acteoside to the IVM medium has a beneficial effect in physiology of porcine oocytes such as viability and activation, providing a improved method for porcine oocytes in vitro.

Embryo transfer has been used in Japan for several years to produce bulls and cows of high genetic value, to produce beef calves from dairy cows. The average size of Japanese cattle farming is not very large. An efficient embryo transfer program is important to facilitate adoption of these technologies in the field. The fixed‐time embryo transfer programs allow for systematic embryo transfer under field conditions. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the practical utility of fixed‐time embryo transfer programs in cattle under field conditions. Two fixed‐time embryo transfer programs were used for dairy or beef cattle: 1) the ovysync program and the 2) progesterone and estradiol program. 1) Ovysync Program Dairy cattle (cows, n = 146; heifers, n = 107) were randomly allocated to a natural estrus control group (cows, n = 63; heifers, n = 47) or an ovulation synchronization (ovysync) group (cows, n = 83; heifers, n = 60), which was treated with an intramuscular (IM) injection of 100 μg GnRH at a random stage of the estrus cycle. Seven days later, the cattle received PGF2α (Cows; 25 30 mg) or PGF2α analog (Heifers; 0.5 mg) to regress the corpora lutea (CL). Forty‐eight hours later, the cows and heifers received a second injection of 100 μg GnRH. Embryo transfer was carried out 6 or 7 days after the second GnRH injection. There were no differences in the proportion of acceptable embryo transfers in the control (cows, 81.0%; heifers, 91.4%) and ovysync groups (cows, 83.1%; heifers, 91.7%). Pregnancy rates did not differ between groups. 2) Progesterone and Estradiol Program All beef heifers and beef or dairy cows received CIDR and estradiol benzoate (EB, beef heifers and cows, 1 mg; dairy cows, 2 mg) IM on Day 0, PGF2α at the time of CIDR removal (beef heifers and cows, Day 7; dairy cows, Day 8), 1 mg EB IM on Day 8 (beef heifers and cows) or 9 (dairy cows). Embryo transfer was carried out on Day 16 (beef heifers and cows) or Day 17 (dairy cows). The pregnancy rates were 80.0% (12/15) for beef heifers, 46.7% (7/15) for beef cows and 68.4% (13/19) for dairy cows. These results suggest that both fixed‐time embryo transfer programs can be effectively applied to cattle programs under field conditions.

During the last three decades, earth science has been re-conceptualized as an interdisciplinary discipline entitled Earth System Science (ESS), which is based on knowledge of the physical earth system and human impact on the earth. While there is increasing effort to teach earth as a system in K-12 education, teachers' preparedness of to teach earth system is still in its infancy. This article focuses on reviewing the literature of teachers' knowledge of earth systems and of how teachers' knowledge of subject matter affects their teaching practice and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). First, the study investigated a literature of PCK in general as well as in science teaching. Then this study duscuss what teachers' subject matter knowledge (SMK) is and what it means to be in teaching earth system science. Third, a literature of teachers' knowledge of earth system was reviewed. Finally, a number of suggestions and implications are made as to what teacher education program should do to better prepare future teachers to teach earth systems.

Activated carbon was prepared from pre-carbonized petroleum coke. Textural properties were determined from studies of the adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K and the surface chemistry was obtained using the Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer technique and the Boehm titration process. The adsorption of three aromatic compounds, namely phenol (P), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and benzoic acid (BA) onto APC in aqueous solution was studied in a batch system with respect to contact time, pH, initial concentration of solutes and temperature. Active carbon APC obtained was found to possess a high surface area and a predominantly microporous structure; it also had an acidic surface character. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well; also, the intraparticle diffusion was the only controlling process in determining the adsorption of the three pollutants investigated. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The uptake of the three pollutants was found to be strongly dependent on the pH value and the temperature of the solution. Most of the experiments were conducted at pH 7; the pH(PZC) of the active carbon under study was 5.0; the surface of the active carbon was negatively charged. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated for APC revealed that the adsorption of P was spontaneous and exothermic in nature, while PNP and BA showed no-spontaneity of the adsorption process and that process was endothermic in nature.

Voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC), one of the most important regulator of Ca 2+ concentration in neuron, play an essential role in the central processing of nociceptive information. The present study investigated the antinociceptive effects of L, T or N type VDCC blockers on the formalin-induced orofacial inflammatory pain. Experiments were carried out on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-280 g. Anesthetized rats were individually fixed on a stereotaxic frame and a polyethylene (PE) tube was implanted for intracisternal injection. After 72 hours, 5% formalin (50 μL) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad and nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for nine successive 5 min intervals. VDCC blockers were administered intracisternally 20 minutes prior to subcutaneous injection of formalin into the orofacial area. The intracisternal administration of 350 or 700 μg of verapamil, a blocker of L type VDCC, significantly decreased the number of scratches and duration in the behavioral responses produced by formalin injection. Intracisternal administration of 75 or 150 μg of mibefradil, a T type VDCC blocker, or 11 or 22 μg of cilnidipine, a N type VDCC blocker, also produced significant suppression of the number of scratches and duration of scratching in the first and second phase. Neither intracisternal administration of all VDCC blockers nor vehicle did not affect in motor dysfunction. The present results suggest that central VDCCs play an important role in orofacial nociceptive transmission and a targeted inhibition of the VDCCs is a potentially important treatment approach for inflammatory pain originating in the orofacial area.

농촌경관은 자연경관과 문화경관을 대표한다. 문명화된 세계에서 진정한 자연경관은 찾아보기 힘들며 유럽과 아시아 지역에서도 적은 지역에만 존재한다. 가장 오래된 대표적인 경관은 사람들이 경제, 생산의 가치 뿐 아니라 미적 자원으로서토지에 대해 가지고 있는 가치가 무엇인지를 보여준다.최근까지도, 전세계적으로 토지의 농업생산성은 다른 어떤 것(미와 휴양, 회복의 가치 등) 보다도 주요한 관심사였으나이제 세계 인구의 50% 이상이 도시에 살고 있는 상황에서 농촌경관이 지닌 가치들은 상실될 위기에 처해졌다. 동시에,우리가 공공영역을 관리하고 개발하는 방법은 점점 더 명확한 과학적 근거를 바탕으로 하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 어떠한목적의 보호구역을 설정하는 데 있어 경제적, 생태적 생산성과 지속가능성 등의 생태적 효과의 평가에 크게 의지한다.이러한 평가는 기후변화와 자원의 추출 등의 영향에 대한 효과를 고려하는데는 적합하나, 체계적인 계획을 수립하는데가장 큰 방해가 되는 문화적, 심리적인 경관의 장소애착을 반영하지는 못한다. 기술적 경관평가와 관리에는 두 가지관점이 있다. 북아메리카, 오스트레일리아, 뉴질랜드에서는 경관평가 기법을 자연경관 가치의 체계적인 평가로부터발전시켜 왔으며 이것은 인간의 개입이 조화롭고 만족스러운 세계에 방해가 되는 것으로 이해하고 있다. 유럽에서의경관은 문화적이고 사람이 체험하는 것으로, 평가에 있어 측정 가능한 가치보다는 문화적 산물과 장소애착의 역할을중요시 여겨 기술적 계획과의 연계가 부족한 단점이 있다. 분석의 필요요소가 어느때보다도 광범위 해졌으며 정치적으로는커뮤니티부터 국가적 차원에 이르기까지 다양하며 민감한 이해집단을 포함해야 하는 상황에서 이 두 가지 관점은 모두현대 계획의 의사결정 환경을 완벽하게 지원하지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 농촌과 자연경관의 평가에 대한 주요 쟁점들을북아메리카와 유럽의 두 가지 관점에서 다루고 한국에서의 현대 농촌계획을 지원하기 위한 적합성에 대해 논의하였으며특히 미국의 주요 국가기관과 Scenic America 등 민간단체, 그리고 European Landscape Convention 의 경관 보호의 목적을 중심으로 다루었다.

Colloidal stability is one of crucial factors for many applications of nanodiamond. Despite recent development, nanodiamonds available on the market often exhibit a high impurity content, wide size distribution of aggregates and low resistance to sedimentation. In the current study, four commercial nanodiamond powders synthesized by detonation synthesis were surface modified and then separated with respect to the size into six fractions by centrifugation. The fractions were evaluated by zeta potential, particle size distribution and elemental composition. The results showed that the modified nanodiamonds form stable colloidal suspensions without sedimentation for a long time.