The uniqueness of labour as a factor of production is that labour services cannot be separated from the employee. However, since the object of sale is only the services of the employee, not an employee himself, the labour conditions, determined by the labour and collective agreements or other agreements concluded at other levels and within the current legislation, are equally important. Speaking as a subject of labour, a person can realize his or her labour potential by the way of self-employment, that means to act as an independent producer seller of their products. Another way of labour potential realization is hiring, that means offering of the services as a hired employee to the employer, who is the subject of ownership. In this case there is an exchange under the principle: qualification and working time of the worker - for wages and profits. Each enterprise is confronted with a set of goals, among them – economic and social leadership. For their achievement the company uses all the available arsenal of resources - material, land, financial, labour. This indicates the equivalence of all types of resources in achieving the goal. But this is not quite true, because every resource can be included in production only through the activity of labour and people. And this activity depends on the attitude of the company to its employees, the degree of their motivation and stimulation.

Pitch precursors affording excellent spinnability, high-level oxidation-resistance, and good carbonization yields were prepared by bromination–dehydrobromination of various ratios of pyrolyzed fuel oil and coal tar pitch. The pitches exhibited spinnabilities that were much better than those of pitches prepared via simple distillation. A pitch prepared using a 1:2 ratio of fuel oil and coal tar pitch exhibited the best tensile strength. Pitch fibers of diameter 8.9 ± 0.1 μm were stabilized at 270 °C without soaking time after heating at a rate of 0.5 °C/min and carbonized at 1100 °C for 1 h after heating at 5 °C/min. The resulting carbon fibers exhibited a tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, and average diameter of 1700 ± 170 MPa, 1.6 ± 0.1%, 106 ± 37 GPa, and 7.1 ± 0.2 μm, respectively.

Lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural residues have been identified as potential sustainable sources that can replace petroleum-based polymers. This study focused on the conversion of lignin extracted from bagasse to carbon fiber (CF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). The highest extraction of lignin yield was achieved at 100 °C using 10% NaOH for 12 h. Carbon fibers were obtained by electro-spinning of bagasse lignin blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (11 wt/v %) followed by thermo-stabilization (250 °C) in an oxidizing atmosphere and further carbonization in an inert atmosphere (850 °C). Conventional hydrolysis process was used to extract cellulose nanocrystal from bagasse pulp. Morphological (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), spectral (Fourier transform infrared, FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermal characterization and surface area measurements have been carried out. Figures originated by SEM showed that CF ranges from 145 to 204 nm, while stabilized bagasse cellulose nanocrystal (SCNC) appeared as rod-shape like structure in the range of length 600–800 nm and diameter 5.33–19 μm. Characterization results revealed that CF exhibits microporous structure, while bagasse lignin and SCNC display mesoporous structure. In addition, the results proved that SCNC exhibits a percentage removal 71.56% for methylene blue dye in an aqueous solution.

Minute pirate bug, Orius minutus (L.), is a native predator of many small insects such as aphid, scale, thrips, and mites in Korea. Seven chemical pesticides with lower ecotoxicity being used to control those pests were evaluated for acute toxicity against adult female O. minutus in glass scintillation vial assay. In the 1st batch experiment with three pesticides, flonicamid and buprofezin were least toxic whereas in the 2nd batch experiment with four pesticides spirotetramat and spiromesifen showed least toxicity. The corrected mortality of buprofezin and flonicamid became 100% on 55 and 47 h of exposure in 1st batch and that of spirotetramat and spiromesifen became 100% on 75 and 71 h of exposure in 2nd batch, respectively. In conclusion, flonicamid, buprofezin, spirotetramat, and spiromesifen was least toxic among the seven pesticides tested against adult female of O. minutus.

Trialeurodes vaporariorum is an important greenhouse pest worldwide. We compared the efficacy of a new strain of Beauveria bassiana (ARP14) with a commercialized one (GHA) against 2nd instar and 4th instar of T. vaporarioum. Those nymphs were exposed to the fungus in a concentration of 1×108 conidia/mL by leaf dipping method. There was no difference in mycosis rates at any observation time between the two strains in both 2nd (100.0%) and 4th instar (100.0%). Lethal median time (LT50) wasn't different between the two strains in both 2nd and 4th instar. In conclusion, the new B. bassiana strain (ARP14) would be a good candidate of mycoinsecticide for whitefly management.

The PCA’s decision refusing historic rights concerning the 9-DL cannot be enforced because the decision advantaging the Philippines has already been rejected by China. It, however, may be as a reference for some states to negotiate, since an optimistic atmosphere emerges among the disputing parties. The readiness for negotiation among them clearly requires that parties should not have rigid attitudes but should show flexibility based on the reciprocity principle. On one side, the PRC should set aside its typical intention to dominate most parts of the South China Sea as its traditional fishing ground based on historic rights concerning the 9-DL. On the other side, the Philippines should guarantee the regional stability and peace without questioning the real sovereignty of the PRC over several natural features, possibly related to the 9-DL claimed as its historic rights. The 9-DL is incompatible with the UNCLOS.

아보카도는 에콰도르에서 경제적으로 중요한 과수이다. 건강한 종묘 생산은 아보카도 식물의 생산에서 중요한 단계이며 유익한 미생물의 처리는 식물체의 영양을 향상 시키는데 사용 될 수 있다. 아보카도 묘목에 처리한 미생물의 효과를 검정한 결과, 묘목의 뿌리부분과 지상부의 양분 흡수를 증가시켰다. T. harzianum은 뿌리에서 N과 Mg의 흡수를 유의적으로 증가시켰으며, 지상부에서는 N, Ca, Mg, Mn 및 Cu의 흡수를 증가시켰다. 반면에, G. iranicum var tenuihypharum은 뿌리에서 Ca와 Fe의 흡수를 유의적으로 증가시켰으며, 지상부에서는 N흡수를 증가시켰다. 또한, mycorrhiza의 접종으로 아보카도 묘목의 뿌리 부분과 지상부에서 P 양을 증가시키는 경향이 긍정적으로 나타났다. 두 미생물 모두 S의 흡수에 영향을 미치지 않았는데, 이는 식물 전체에서 균일한 비율을 나타냈다. 또한 인산질 비료(일인산 칼륨)의 시용은 미량 영양소의 흡수에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

본 연구에서는 한국에 거주하고 있는 파키스탄인을 중심으로 각각 다른 유형의 육류에 대한 파키스탄인 소비자의 행동, 인식 및 선호도를 분석하였다. 본 분석을 위한 자료는 한국에 거주하는 파키스탄인을 대상으로 한 설문조사를 통하여 수집되었다. 본 연구에서는 설문에 응한 응답자 중 423 명의 설문지를 토대로 빈도분석과 다항로짓회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 닭고기가 가장 선호하는 고기 (38.3 %)로 나타났으며, 양고기 (25.5%), 어류 (24.3%), 쇠고기 (7.3%) 순으로 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 설문조사 결과 응답자 중 남성이 62.9%, 연령대는 30-40세가 51.4%로 높게 나타났다. 분석결과에 의하면, 나이, 신앙수준, 제품포장, 영양가, 감각적 특성 (맛, 냄새, 냄새, 색) 그리고 할랄 인증 유무가 각각의 육류 유형에 따른 소비자의 만족도에 중요하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Aimed at determining whether China’s active carbon emission reduction policy can respond to the threat of carbon tariff of the USA, this study proposed two kinds of carbon tax schemes for the USA and China, same carbon tax policy and a differential carbon tax policy. Four scenarios are set: the USA only charging carbon tax on domestic products; the USA charging carbon tax on domestic products and carbon tariff on imported products from China; the USA and China taking the same carbon tax policy on domestic products; the USA and China taking the differential carbon tax policy on their domestic products. Global Trade Analysis Project Energy model is applied to discuss whether China’s active measure to reduce carbon emissions can be an effective solution to the threat of carbon tariff of the USA. The research results show that China’s active measure of the same carbon tax policy as the USA is not effective to cope with carbon tariff of the USA. However, it is an effective measure to take a differential carbon tax policy. The specific policy implications of the study are discussed in conclusion.