The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drying, curing and freezing on the quality of beef. Three types of dried (without salt = T1, with salt = T2 and salt + spices = T3); three types of cured (salt curing = T4, sugar curing = T5 and brine curing = T6) and three types of frozen beef (0℃ = T7, -10℃ = T8 and -20℃ = T9) were analyzed at different time intervals up to the period of 180 d. Parameters studied were protein, fat, ash, color and cooking loss of beef. All the chemical constituents (protein, fat and ash) were decreased gradually up to 120 d. The decreasing trend was observed rapid after 120 d up to 180 d of preservation. Highest protein loss was found in T7 (11.1%) and the lowest protein loss was found in T6 (3.85%) in 180 d preservation and significant (p < 0.01) differences were observed among the different preservation methods. Highest fat loss was observed in T6 (7.62%) and the lowest fat loss was observed in T2 (3.18%) and the differences were also significant (p < 0.05) among different methods during the experimental period. Spices dried beef showed a brighter color than others and cured beef showed brown color and the intensity of color was reduced gradually with the increasing of storage period. T9 showed the lowest cooking loss among 3 treatments of frozen beef and the differences also significant (p < 0.01) up to 180 d. It might be stated that sugar curing (T5) and spices drying (T3) would be the useful technique of meat preservation in rural areas and freezing (T9) would be used in large scale preservation at urban areas.

We recently described a novel animal model of trigeminal neuropathic pain following compression of the trigeminal ganglion (Ahn et al., 2009). In our present study, we adapted this model using male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250-260 g and then analyzed the behavioral responses of these animals following modified chronic compression of the trigeminal ganglion. Under anesthesia, the rats were mounted onto a stereotaxic frame and a 4% agar solution (10μL) was injected in each case on the dorsal surface of the trigeminal ganglion to achieve compression without causing injury. In the control group, the rats received a sham operation without agar injection. Air-puff, acetone, and heat tests were performed at 3 days before and at 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, 30, 40, 55, and 70 days after surgery. Compression of the trigeminal ganglion produced nociceptive behavior in the trigeminal territory. Mechanical allodynia was established within 3 days and recovered to preoperative levels at approximately 60 days following compression. Mechanical hyperalgesia was also observed at 7 days after compression and persisted until the postoperative day 40. Cold hypersensitivity was established within 3 days after compression and lasted beyond postoperative day 55. In contrast, compression of the trigeminal ganglion did not produce any significant thermal hypersensitivity when compared with the sham operated group. These findings suggest that compression of the trigeminal ganglion without any injury produces prolonged nociceptive behavior and that our rat model is a useful system for further analysis of trigeminal neuralgia.

In this paper, statistical distribution functions are developed for distance determination of stellar groups. This method depends on the assumption that absolute magnitudes and apparent magnitudes follow a Gaussian distribution function. Due to the limits of the integrands of the frequency function of apparent and absolute magnitudes, we introduce Case A, B, and C Gaussian distributions. The developed approaches have been implemented to determine distances to some clusters and stellar associations. The comparison with the distances derived by different authors reveals good agreement.

Beef marbling is known as one of the most important beef-quality traits in Korea. It is likely that marbling derived from fatty acids, mainly propionate, is mediated by rumen. Recently micro-agents were studied to enhance marbling, although many parts of that were digested in rumen. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen candidate materials to effect on beef quality with in vitro ruminal incubation. The materials such as saponin, chitosan, Zn compounds (4), vitamin C sources (2), Korean herb cocktail and garlic sources (2) were added to rumen fluid to 1.25% of substrate volume at 0 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas production in intact vitamin C source increased but that in all Zn compounds decreased (P＜0.05). Total gas production in Zn sulfate compound less decreased than in other Zn sources. Propionate in Zn sulfate increased than the other candidate compounds at all incubation time (P＜0.05). Experiment two was conducted to clarified effect of additives such as vitamin C sources (2), garlic lyophilized, Korea herb cocktail and Zn sulfate were supplemented with 2.5% volume at the 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h incubation time. Total gas in Zn sulfate was lower than any other treatments. Propionate in garlic, herb and Zn sulfate appeared to be lower than control and vitamin C sources at all incubation time, although significant difference was not observed in total VFA among control and all treatment. This study suggested that micro-agent might be used to improve beef quality with minute level.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage were harvested, ensiled into laboratory silos and opened after 1,2,3,7,10,15 and 35 d of storage. The pH and nitrogen distribution were detected in all ensiling stages. The results showed that red clover silage have significant lower pH than alfalfa silage at every stage of ensiling. The non-protein N (NPN) concentration of these two forages kept increasing along with the ensiling processing and red clover silage has significant lower accumulation of NPN than alfalfa throughout the whole fermentation. Similar trends were displayed in the concentrations of ammonia N (NH₃-N) and free amino acid N (FAA-N). Peptide-N exhibited rapid increase at the first few days, followed by decline and then increased again.

오늘날 정보기술의 발전과 더불어 컴퓨터관련 범죄가 등장하면서 기존의 고전적 형법체계는 새로운 도전에 직면해 있다. 복합성, 무형성, 일시성, 전지구성 등을 주된 특징으로 하는 컴퓨터관련범죄는 고전적 범죄와는 그 양상이 판이하게 다르다. 이에 컴퓨터범죄에 대처하기 위하여 형사실체∙절차법을 비롯하여 형사집행법, 국제공조법, 범죄관할법에 이르기까지 형사법 영역 전반에 걸친 조정과 조화가 불가피하게 요청되는 상황이다. 그동안 국제사회는 사이버범죄 협약(Cybercrime Convention)을 비롯한 다수의 국제조약을 통하여 컴퓨터관련형법의 국제적 조화방안을 꾸준히 모색하여 왔다. 본 원고는 사이버범죄를 핵심대상으로 하는 컴퓨터관련형법을 국제적 차원에서 여하히 조화시킬것인가에 관한 분석을 담은 글이다. 이를 위해 본고는 우선 국제적으로 전개된 법적 조화의 과정을 개관한 다음, 향후 컴퓨터관련형법이 지향해야 할 바람직한 법적 조화이론을 제시하고자 하였다. 본고는 형사실체법, 형사절차법, 국제공조, 관할권, 민간 자율규제 및 민∙관 상호규제 등으로 영역을 세분하여, 각 영역에서 컴퓨터관련범죄의 규율과 관련하여 어떠한 국제조약이 제정되었으며 그 규율 내용의 특징은 어떠한지를 면밀히 분석하였다. 그리고 본고는 이와 같은 국제적 조화의 전개양상에 관한 분석에만 그치는 것이 아니라, 그러한 조화과정의 이면에 자리하는 일반이론을 계발하고자 시도하였다. 컴퓨터관련형법의 국제적 조화를 주도해온 주체는 누구인지, 국제적 조화의 원동력은 무엇이었는지, 국제적 조화과정의 특성은 어떠하였는지, 여러 국제규범 간의 충돌가능성은 어떻게 해결하여 왔는지, 그리고 국제적 조화를 달성하기 위한 협력의 양상은 어떻게 전개되었는지를 각기 분석하여 이론화함으로써, 앞으로 컴퓨터관련형법의 국제적 조화가 나아가야 할 방향을 모색하고자 하였다. 현 시점에서 본고의 연구만을 가지고 컴퓨터관련형법의 국제적 조화과정을 최종적으로 평가하여 그 미래를 속단하기는 아직 이르다. 하지만 현재까지 전개되어 온 국제적 조화에 관한 본고의 분석 및 이론연구는 향후 컴퓨터관련형법의 국제화에 관한 하나의 역할모델이 될 수 있을 것이다.

Predation, development, and ovipostion experiments were conducted to evaluate Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential biological control agent for tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae) which is a periodic pest of greenhouse tomatoes. Results show that A. swirskii attacked all developmental stages of A. lycopersici, and had a type II functional response on the prey densities given. The predation rates of A. swirskii on A. lycopersici in the presense of alternative food sources such as pollen, thrips first instar, or whitefly eggs were recorded as 74%, 56%, and 76%, respectively of the predation rate on A. lycopersici alone. Amblyseius swirskii successfully completed their life-cycle on either A. lycopersici or cattail pollen. At 25oC, 70% RH, development time of female A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici or on cattail pollen took 5.0 and 6.2 days, respectively. For the first 10 days after moulting to the adult stage, A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici had higher daily oviposition rate (2.0 eggs per day) than on pollen (1.5 eggs per day). From this laboratory study, it can be concluded that A. swirskii has promising traits as a predator against A. lycopersici and that their populations can be stably maintained using alternative food such as cattail pollen. We suggest that the effectiveness of A. swirskii against A. lycopersici under field conditions deserves to be investigated.