Collagen peptides have garnered significant attention as functional foods across multiple fields due to their capacity to regulate physiological and hormonal processes, offering numerous advantages. However, despite their broad range of applications, comprehensive research on the potential toxicity of these substances remains lacking. Therefore, this study sought to assess the acute oral toxicity of a collagen peptide derived from skate (Raja kenojei) skin (CPSS) in both rats and dogs. In the rat model, CPSS was orally administered at doses of 300 and 2,000 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats. An escalating single-dose oral toxicity assessment at doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg was carried out in beagle dogs with 3-day intervals between doses. Throughout the 14-day post-administration assessment period, clinical signs, mortality rates, changes in body weight, and necropsy observations were closely monitored. After oral administration, no signs of toxicity associated with CPSS were observed in either rats or dogs. Therefore, the oral LD50 (approximate lethal dose for 50% mortality) for CPSS in rats was determined to exceed 5,000 mg/kg, and the maximum tolerated dose for dogs was estimated to be above 2,000 mg/kg. Consequently, this study offers safety data on the use of CPSS in functional foods and medicinal applications.

The increasing number of technology transfers from public research institutes in Korea has led to a growing demand for patent recommendation platforms for SMEs. This is because selecting the right technology for commercialization is a critical factor in business success. This study developed a patent recommendation system that uses technology transfer data from the past 10 years to recommend patents that are suitable for SMEs. The system was developed in three stages. First, an item-based collaborative filtering system was developed to recommend patents based on the similarities between the patents that SMEs have previously transferred. Next, a content-based recommendation system based on TF-IDF was developed to analyze patent names and recommend patents with high similarity. Finally, a hybrid system was developed that combines the strengths of both recommendation systems. The experimental results showed that the hybrid system was able to recommend patents that were both similar and relevant to the SMEs' interests. This suggests that the system can be a valuable tool for SMEs that are looking to acquire new technologies.

Immersive content provides a differentiated and immersive experience from existing content. It is a type of content that stimulates various senses, such as vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, to allow users to experience the world as if it were real. Among them, holograms are a technology that creates three-dimensional images using light. Unlike traditional 2D images, holograms can provide a realistic experience. The three-dimensionality and depth of holograms make users feel a strong sense of space and presence, making them a promising next-generation content for expressing virtual worlds. This study aimed to analyze the suitability of hologram technology for immersive content and the correlation between storytelling in immersive content in this trend. To this end, we produced a holographic immersive content of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake," which has a narrative structure of rising action, climax, and falling action. In the production process, we used floating solar panels as a power source, considering the environmental aspect. We showed the produced immersive content to related experts and collected their opinions through semi-structured interviews. As a result of the analysis, we confirmed that holograms are an effective technology for enhancing the immersion of immersive content. We also confirmed that storytelling plays an important role in enhancing the immersion of immersive content.

This study identifies the commercialization success factors that can be an important indicator for the transfer and commercialization of national R&D results in the agricultural sector. Unlike other industries, the agricultural sector has a non-systematically scaled and processed industrial structure, and R&D is led by government rather than the private sector. Although the quantitative performance of national agricultural R&D, especially the number of patents and publications, has increased rapidly with the quantitative expansion of the government R&D budget, the technology commercialization of the results of agricultural R&D has been accompanied by difficulties for SMEs. Therefore, this study summarized the success factors for commercialization of state-owned technologies presented in previous studies, and based on them, analysed the success factors for commercialization specific to the agricultural sector. It also conducted a questionnaire survey using Delphi and focus group interviews (FGI) with experts from academia, research and industry, and a survey of agricultural companies to derive success factors for commercialization in the agricultural sector using logistic regression analysis. As a result, five indicators with positive correlation and three indicators with negative correlation within technology characteristics, suppliers, adopters, policy and market factors were finally derived as key factors for agricultural commercialization. In the future, it is expected that independent factor analysis of the food and seed sectors, which have independent industry characteristics from the agricultural sector, will be needed.

Distance is a fundamental definition in fields such as geometry, mathematics, and physics. Because it is a very fundamental metric, it is not easy to create a new definition. In this study, we analyze existing distance definition and propose to generalize Euclidean distance and Manhattan distance, which are mainly used distance metric in existing distance definition. We analyze the definition of Minkowski distance, which is previously used as a concept of generalization along with Chebyshev distance, and the disadvantages of using this distance metric. By introducing a new perspective that interprets the existing Manhattan distance as a distance measured in four axes rather than simply adding the distances in each axis direction, this research introduces a new distance metric in two dimensions. This is a metric that generalizes the Euclidean distance and the Manhattan distance, and the proposed distance metric is derived from a geometrical aspect and an algorithm for calculating it is presented. We applied the existing distance definition and compared the differences through the results of generating a Voronoi area by the shortest distance from randomly distributed points in two dimensions. It is expected that the proposed method can be applied and expanded to the field of various graphics algorithms that use the distance metric.

The gaming industry is experiencing rapid growth due to recent advances in technology. Game engines such as Unity and Unreal are being actively utilized. These game engines offer a variety of plugins to naturally extend the functionality of the engine. Among them, innovations in 3D graphics technology have made game characters more expressive and enhanced the user experience. However, traditional 3D modeling approaches can sometimes bring limitations and challenges. In particular there are problems with the representation of fine details when utilizing general photos through AI scanning. This paper aims to overcome these difficulties by designing and implementing a game 3D character generation framework using Stable Diffusion. By improving the creation process by utilizing concept art images without hairstyles, it enables fast and efficient character creation. The application of this framework allows for faster and more consistent character creation with fewer steps in the creation process and helps game developers to adapt characters to the engine more easily and quickly. In addition, we verified the effectiveness and scalability of the 3D game character data generated by Stable Diffusion by checking the animation behavior in the game engine.

With the recent advent of Metaverse, the character industry that reflects the characteristics of users' faces is drawing attention. there is a hassle that users have to select face components such as eyes, nose, and mouth one by one. In this paper, we propose a diffusion-based model that automatically generates characters from content human photographs. Our model generates user artistic characters by reflecting content information such as face angle, direction, and shape of a content human photo. In particular, our model automatically analyzes detailed information such as glasses and whiskers from content photo images and reflects them in artistic characters generated. Our network generates the final character through a three-step: diffusion process, UNet, and denoising processes. We use image encoders and CLIP encoders for the connection between style and input data. In the diffusion process, a collection of noise vectors is gradually added to a style vector to enable lossless learning of the detailed styles. All input values except for the style images are vectorized with CLIP encoders and then learned with noise style vectors in the UNet. Subsequently, noise is removed from the vectors through the UNet to obtain the artistic character image. We demonstrate our performance by comparing the results of other models with our results. Our method reflects content information without loss and generates natural high-definition characters.

The global PC game market is enjoying sustainable growth, and diverse grow types and quantities of games. Among the many, the theme of horror circulates in the market. Ahead of placing orders, the poster initiates the first exchange with the game, players and consumers, and affects buyers' behavior and cognition subject to its color. What is an eye-catching poster? Different games have different styles and philosophies, so it leads to a certain degree of variation in the poster design of each game. In order to study the common points of popular game color design. For the top 10 most acclaimed horror games on STEAM (PC), 5 to 6 color elements were mined from each poster for analysis and offered suggestions on poster design. First, in the color selection, more warm colors are on the list of recommendation, such as yellow, you can also choose cool colors such as blue. Second, high-saturation and high-brightness colors speak for better choice. The design of color is not absolute, and this thesis only analyzes the posters of commercially circulated and well-received horror games. It is hoped to provide insights for user-friendly interface design, support and understanding of user behaviors.

본 연구를 통해 국내 미기록속인 Tineola Herrich-Schäffer속의 Tieola bisselliella (Hummel, 1823)을 최초로 확인하였다. 해당 종은 모피, 양모, 깃털, 가죽 등 일상용품을 가해할 뿐만 아니라 미술, 역사, 또는 과학적으로 중요한 물품들을 가해하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한국산 T. bisselliella의 성충 및 암수 생식기를 기재하고 도판을 제공하였다.

진딧물 방제제 개발을 위해 In vitro 경엽살포 검정방법이 널리 사용되고 있다. 이러한 신소재 진딧물 방제 제형은 종합방제와 화학농약의 대안 으로 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만, 경엽살포 검정방법은 환경이 조절되는 실내에서도 진딧물의 증식과 살충에 영향을 받는다. 본 연구에서는 담배를 기주로 하여 솜과 한천방법을 이용하여 진딧물 방제제 검정을 위한 최적 경엽살포 확립하고자 하였다. 진딧물 검정 챔버에 솜과 한천을 넣은 후 담배 잎과 진딧물 3-4령 약충을 접종하였다. Water-sensitive paper를 이용하여 경엽살포 시에 가장 표면 피복이 높은 최적 경엽살포 거리와 살 포량을 확립하였다. 대조구로 물을 처리한 구에서 한천 방법이 솜 방법에 비해 살충율이 낮고, 증식율이 높았다. 솜 검정 방법에는 곤충 검정 챔버의 상대습도를 60% 이상 유지시켰을 때 가장 최적 조건이었지만, 한천 검정 방법에서는 한천의 농도에 상대습도 차이가 없었다. 최적화된 조건하에서 대조화학 농약, Sulfoxaflor, 경엽살포 시 솜 방법에서 살충율이 한천방법보다 빨랐지만, 최종 살충율은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구는 살 진딧물 물질을 검정 시 재현성과 활용성이 가능한 최적화된 증식율과 살충율 검정 조건을 제시하였다.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is a promising approach for reducing CO2 emissions and achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. In this work, selectively coupling Cu(OH)2 and CuO with amine-modified brookite TiO2 ( NH2–B–TiO2) has been achieved by a simple precipitation method. The results show that CuO is better than Cu(OH)2 as a co-catalyst to enhance the CO2 photoreduction capability of NH2– B–TiO2. The highest rates of CO2 conversion to CH4 and CO of NH2– B–TiO2–CuO composite reach 6.05 and 3.25 μmol h− 1 g− 1, respectively, which is higher than 8 times the yield of CH4 of NH2– B–TiO2. It is proposed that the NH2– B–TiO2–CuO composite offers an effective charge transfer through the formation of a p–n junction between NH2– B–TiO2 and CuO interfaces, while in the NH2– B–TiO2–Cu(OH)2 composite, the Cu(OH)2 dominantly serves as an electron sink to capture photo-induced electrons, promoting photo-induced carrier separation. This work provides an ingenious synthetic method for selectively anchoring Cu(OH)2 and CuO on semiconductors with different charge transfer routes for an efficient CO2 photoreduction.

Amorphous molybdenum sulfide ( MoSx) has been regarded as a promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst due to its mild preparation conditions and low-cost precursor materials. In this work, we report a simple strategy combining the growth of amorphous MoSx on the surface of metal organic frameworks (ZIF-67) and annealing treatment to prepare Co-doped MoSx nanopolyhedrons (denoted as CoMoSx NPs). The CoMoSx NPs exhibit excellent HER activity in acid condition with an overpotential of 188 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm− 2 (η10), and a relatively stable overpotential after 2000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles testing. The excellent HER performance of the CoMoSx NPs can be attributed to the doping of Co element adjust the electronic structure and increase the conductivity of catalyst, and the nanopolyhedrons structure which can expose more active sites for HER electrocatalytic. This study offers a low-cost and simple strategy to prepare high-activity HER catalyst, which holds great promises in developing advanced electrocatalysts for energy storage.

The synthesis of a novel first stage GIC containing simultaneously lithium, potassium and barium through a solid–liquid reaction by molten salts method is described. Such a route has been largely developed in our laboratory for intercalation of metals into graphite. The interplanar distance of this quaternary compound reaches 950 pm and exhibits poly-layered intercalated sheets defined by X-ray measurements. The Li0.2K0.75Ba0.6C6 chemical formula of the compound is determined by ion beam analysis and this GIC is remarkably homogeneous. This GIC is the first poly-layered one containing barium.

The objective of this study was to explore the symbolism associated with phoenix patterns in China and the temporal aesthetic characteristics of these patterns found in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The study involved collecting examples of clothing designs featuring phoenix patterns from China Fashion Week and the Vogue website, spanning from spring and summer of 2016 to fall and winter of 2022. After collecting and organizing these examples, representative cases were selected for analysis. The objective was to identify effective techniques for incorporating phoenix patterns within the context of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes and provided insights for future clothing design and textile pattern design research. Phoenix patterns boasted a lengthy history and were laden with symbolic meaning. Early renditions of phoenix patterns found at Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang were relatively simplistic in design, mainly employing elements like rhythm, coordination, balance and symmetry to convey a sense of nature and gravity. Over time, these patterns evolved under the influence of the prevailing cultural backdrop, employing repeated emphasis to portray notions of abundance and tenacity. Furthermore, regarding the use of phoenix patterns in clothing, there were four prevalent expression techniques: embroidery, beading, printing, and knitting. Traditional techniques like embroidery and beadwork often prioritized aesthetic features like coordination, emphasis, and symmetry, thereby showcasing the opulent characteristics of phoenix patterns. On the other hand, printing and knitting techniques used a single phoenix pattern or a modified version to simplify designs by emphasizing or repeating aesthetic characteristics while adhering to a modern artistic approach.

The thermoelectric effect, which converts waste heat into electricity, holds promise as a renewable energy technology. Recently, bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3)-based alloys are being recognized as important materials for practical applications in the temperature range from room temperature to 500 K. However, conventional sintering processes impose limitations on shape-changeable and tailorable Bi2Te3 materials. To overcome these issues, three-dimensional (3D) printing (additive manufacturing) is being adopted. Although some research results have been reported, relatively few studies on 3D printed thermoelectric materials are being carried out. In this study, we utilize extrusion 3D printing to manufacture n-type Bi1.7Sb0.3Te3 (N-BST). The ink is produced without using organic binders, which could negatively influence its thermoelectric properties. Furthermore, we introduce graphene oxide (GO) at the crystal interface to enhance the electrical properties. The formed N-BST composites exhibit significantly improved electrical conductivity and a higher Seebeck coefficient as the GO content increases. Therefore, we propose that the combination of the extrusion 3D printing process (Direct Ink Writing, DIW) and the incorporation of GO into N-BST offers a convenient and effective approach for achieving higher thermoelectric efficiency.

Background: Various functional tests such as upper quarter Y-balance test (UQYBT) are used to evaluate shoulder stability and mobility in clinical or sports fields. Previous studies have been conducted to determine the correlation between the scapular or trunk muscle and UQYBT. However, the correlation between UQYBT and hip flexor, which can be considered as a core muscle, has not been confirmed. Objects: To verify the relationship between the UQYBT and scapular muscle (scapular protractor and lower trapezius [LT]), trunk muscle, and hip flexor strengths in healthy male participants. Methods: A total of 37 healthy male participants were recruited and underwent UQYBT in the push-up posture. The isometric strength of the scapular protractor, LT, trunk flexor and extensor, and hip flexors were measured using a smart KEMA strength sensor (KOREATECH Inc.). Results: The superolateral direction of the UQYBT was moderately to strongly related to trunk extensor (r = 0.443, p < 0.01), scapular protractor (r = 0.412, p < 0.05), LT (r = 0.436, p < 0.01), and both sides of the hip flexors (supporting-side: r = 0.669, p < 0.01; non-supporting- side: r = 0.641, p < 0.01). The inferolateral direction of the UQYBT was moderately related to the scapular protractor (r = 0.429, p < 0.01), LT (r = 0.511, p < 0.01), and both sides of hip flexors (supporting-side: r = 0.481, p < 0.01; non-supporting-side: r = 0.521, p < 0.01). The medial direction of the UQYBT was moderately to strongly related with the scapular protractor (r = 0.522, p < 0.01), LT (r = 0.541, p < 0.01), and both sides of hip flexors (supporting-side: r = 0.605, p < 0.01; non-supporting-side: r = 0.561, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study showed that the strength of the scapular muscles, trunk muscles, and hip flexor muscles correlated to the UQYBT. Therefore, the strength of not only the scapular and trunk muscles but also the hip flexor muscles should be considered to improve the UQYBT.

Background: Smartphone addiction has emerged as a significant social problem. Numerous studies have indicated the association between smartphone use and discomfort in the musculoskeletal system of the upper extremities. Objects: This cross-sectional survey aimed to compare the characteristics of musculoskeletal pain in the neck, trunk, and upper limbs between individuals with smartphone addiction and those without addiction. Methods: We collected a total of 326 healthy individuals’ data from China and Korea who had owned and used smartphones for more than 5 years between 20–50s through an online questionnaire consisting of 84 questions in four major sections. The first part contained basic information on the participant's personal characteristics and smartphones. The second part contained questions about smartphone use and posture. The third part was the smartphone addiction. The fourth part was to investigate musculoskeletal pain in various upper body parts. Results: Smartphone addiction has a weak negative correlation with age (r = –0.20, p < 0.01) and a weak positive correlation with the hours of smartphone use (r = 0.376, p < 0.01). Frequent musculoskeletal pain symptoms related to smartphone use were observed in the neck, shoulder, lower back, and wrists. The hours of smartphone use was slightly positively associated with the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the shoulder (r = 0.162, p < 0.05) and lower back (r = 0.125, p < 0.05). The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in the neck (χ2 = 3.993, p < 0.05), shoulder (χ2 = 6.465, p < 0.05), and wrist (χ2 = 4.645, p < 0.05) was significantly higher among females than males. Conclusion: The results suggest that smartphone addiction should be recognized as a dual concern encompassing both physical health and psychosocial aspects. Furthermore, healthcare professionals, including physicians and physical therapists, should consider clients' smartphone usage patterns when assessing and treating with musculoskeletal pain.

In this study, based on the saturation magnetic flux density experimental values (Bs) of 622 Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs), regression models were applied to predict Bs using artificial neural networks (ANN), and prediction performance was evaluated. Model performance evaluation was investigated by using the F1 score together with the coefficient of determination (R2 score), which is mainly used in regression models. The coefficient of determination can be used as a performance indicator, since it shows the predicted results of the saturation magnetic flux density of full material datasets in a balanced way. However, the BMG alloy contains iron and requires a high saturation magnetic flux density to have excellent applicability as a soft magnetic material, and in this study F1 score was used as a performance indicator to better predict Bs above the threshold value of Bs (1.4 T). After obtaining two ANN models optimized for the R2 and F1 score conditions, respectively, their prediction performance was compared for the test data. As a case study to evaluate the prediction performance, new Fe-based BMG datasets that were not included in the training and test datasets were predicted using the two ANN models. The results showed that the model with an excellent F1 score achieved a more accurate prediction for a material with a high saturation magnetic flux density.

In the last years, we have witnessed the consolidation of an increasing number of media channels including but not limited to, social media, brand sites, podcasts and the recent developments into the metaverse (Blazquez, 2023). Consumers are exposed to multiple stimuli with shorter attention spans which makes challenging for brands to create meaningful relationships that can sustain brand loyalty. It is important to revisit the role of campaigns that communicate brand-related messages and aim to affect brand image. Christmas advertising has become a part of consumers’ festive rituals (Cartwright et al., 2016) and engendering a positive response is particularly important at this time of year given that it is associated with love, friendship and reconciliation. These campaigns that appeal to a wider target audience, find in traditional media an important channel to get to their customers but also use digital channels which make them more inclusive.

In today's fast-evolving technological environment, the growth of mobile devices has provided businesses with additional knowledge on how to effectively communicate with their targeted audience. As big data generated by mobile users has become a valuable source for improving communication, users’ location data has provided an additional parameter to take into account while trying to enhance the effectiveness of digital marketing campaigns. This paper presents a comparative study of the location-based marketing field and tools. It provides an overview of different exploitation methods of location-based mobile services and data for effective digital marketing campaigns and guidelines for future research.