Cimicomorpha is one of the most diverse groups in true bugs, and attract a great attention for a variety of reasons, among them, extraordinary insemination methods in the bed bugs and their relatives (Cimicoidea), feeding-habits alternations in the plant bugs (Miridae), parasitism in the bed bugs and their relatives (Cimicidae and Polyctenidae), agricultural pests in the lace bugs and the plant bugs (Tingidae and Miridae), biological control agents in the minute pirate bugs and the plant bugs (e.g., the genus Orius), disease transmission in the Triatominae (Reduviidae), and micro-habitat transition in the assassin bugs and the flower bugs (Reduviidae and Anthocoridae). In this talk, we propose the phylogenetic relationships within the Cimicomorpha especially including some critical taxa in terms of the biological traits such as haemocoelic insemination and parasitism (e.g., the species belonging to Lasiochilidae, Lyctocoridae, Prostemminae and Corydromius). Based on the phylogenetic results, we also present the evolutionary history of the specialized biological traits of the Cimicomorpha using phylogenetic comparative analyses.

Many species of the genus Bradysia larvae are known as agriculture pest, because they are feed on stem or root of agriculture plants. Even though the damages are made by larval stages, the immature stages are hardly identified morphologically. The partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene are constructed for 25 species of Bradysia with the identified voucher specimens. Comparing these data, Bradysia procera, and B. sp.1 (tilicola Group) could be identified from the larvae specimens by molecular COI universal region. Bradysia atracornea, B. nomica, and B. difformis are also confirmed from the larval samples in greenhouse crops, chinese cabbage, onion, and scallion etc. The mean Kimura two-parameter (K2P) interspecific divergence of genus Bradysia was 16.78%, and mean K2P intraspecific divergence was 0.52%. DNA

Relationship with fungi is one of the habitat adaptation of Sciaridae. While the earlier studies suggested that many fungus gnats are playing as the important vectors of various fungus diseases on plants and mushrooms, evidences have not been well reported. Based on a multi-gene phylogeny, by the Bayesian framework, we propose the correlation of four morphological characters of adults and habitat adaptation from saproxylic to phytophagous in the Sciaridae. Our results suggest that the evolution of habitat transition from dead plant litter to the live plant is related to habitat adaptation to the phytophagy and the morphological characters of fore tibia apex is also related to the functional linkage between these traits. We performed Bayes factor-based tests, referred with evolutionary pathway test (EPT), to decide the correlated traits gained the during evolutionary processes. The EPTs strongly suggest that fore tibia structures appeared first and followed by plant-feeding adaptation. The divergence time estimations of Sciaridae are also largely congruent with the fossil records. The members of subfamily Megalosphyinae have radiated explosively and contemporaneously since the Oligocene, with the expansion of modern grasslands and the increase of herbivores. Consequently, we suggest that the evolutionary benefit of tibial structure may be closely related with the fungal carrying in Sciaridae.

Macrosiphini is the most largest group in aphids, comprising near half of the described aphid species. The existence of Macrosiphini could be related to host alternation and various life cycle. Since the phylogenetic relationship of the tribe Macrosiphini has been still controversial, we analyzed Bayesian phylogeny (BP) and Maximum-likelihood (ML) based on molecular data (cytochrome oxidase I, tRNA-leucine+cytochrome oxidase II, 16S ribosomal RNA and elongation factor-1 alpha gene), and compared with the Shaposhnikov (1998) 's subtribal division: Macrosiphina, Myzian, Anuraphidina and Liosomatinae. Analyses for host range association with the morphological characters (e.g. Siphunculus and antennal tubercle on head) correspond to the tendency of host range radiation in the tribe Macrosiphini.

Cecidomyiidae and Sciaridae (Diptera: Sciaroidea) are mostly mycophagous, feeding on decaying plant materials and fungi. On the shiitake bedlogs, great number of larvae of the species cause serious damage, feeding on the mycelium of the shiitake mushroom. We confirmed five species emerged from the shiitake bedlogs, which are two cecidomyiids and three sciarids. Using the DNA barcording, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region (658 bp), the larvae and adult flies were identified, and Camptomyia corticalis was confirmed as a major pest on shiitake mushroom.