본 논문은 2011년 대만교육부에서 공표한 『標準字與簡化字對照手冊』 중 4808개의 상용 표제자를 기준으로 하여, 각각의 한자에 대응되는 간체자와 2010년 일본 정부가 공표한 『常用 漢字表』 2136개의 자형들을 서로 비교 대조하였다. 이 연구를 통해 ｢한자문화권｣에 속하는 국가들에서 현행 사용하고 있는 ｢한자｣를 대조하는 데 있어 보다 깊은 이해가 있기를 기대한다. 분석 방법은 이 세 종류의 한자(표제자, 간체자, 일본신자체를 순서로 한다.) 자형의 공통점과 차이점에 따라 8가지로 분류하였다. 첫째, 모두 동일한 자형이다. 예를 들어 ｢地/地/地｣가 있다. 둘째로, 대만 자형과 중국 자형이 같은 것이다. 예를 들면 ｢收/收/収｣가 있다. 셋째로, 대만 자형과 일본 자형이 같으면서 중국 자형과 다른 것이다. 예를 들면, ｢赏/赏/赏｣이다. 넷째로, 중국과 일본의 자형은 같으나 대만 자형과는 다른 것들이다. 예를 들어, ｢医/医/医｣이다. 다섯째로, 대만과 중국, 일본이 모두 다른 것이다. ｢图/图/図｣가 있다. 여섯 번째는 대만자형과 중국자형은 같으나 상응하는 일본 자형이 없는 경우이다. 예를 들어, ｢泛/泛/X｣이다. 일곱 번째는, 대만자형과 중국자형이 다르고 대응하 는 일본 자형이 없는 경우이다. 예를 들어, ｢働｣이다. 상술한 분류 방법에 따라 현행 삼국의 상용한자를 표로 정리하였다. 본 연구는 또한 많은 대만의 자형들이 중국의 자형과 대응한다는 점에 초점을 맞추어 진행하 였다. 예를 들면, ｢髮｣글자와 ｢发｣글자는 모두 간화자로 ｢发｣를 사용하고 있다. 동시에 대만 자형과 중국 간화자 사이에 존재하는 ｢微别字形｣를 검토하였다.

More than 80,000 prisoners in state, federal, and private prisons work for private and for-profit industries in the United States, which is a relatively small, but rapidly growing, portion of the total number of incarcerated individuals. The main purpose of this article is to use critical concepts from Foucauldian theory to explore the relationship between incarceration and labor exploitation in the U.S. prison system. To do this, this article reviews the core Foucauldian concepts and assumptions that are relevant to explaining prison labor; applies those concepts and assumptions to the prison labor issue; and discusses a possible way for conducting an empirical study. Additionally, three implications for social work, policy intervention, and the Korean society in reference to the theory are discussed. This article suggests that understanding Foucault should be a priority to tackle forced control, unequal power, and the immobility of social and economic status embedded in the most marginalized and vulnerable populations.

Comparisons between bare carbon (CPs) and nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles (N-CPs) synthesised using hydrothermal reaction are carried out. It was found that hydrothermal reaction of citric acid yields graphene-like sheets, while the nitrogen doping using ethylenediamine resulted in amorphous polymeric ball-like hydrocarbons devoid of any aromatic rings. Although the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate the presence of carbon–carbon double bonds (C=C), and the ground states of both materials are very deep (> 7.8 eV) as measured by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. This indicates the conjugation is very short. This is supported by the fact that both materials are UV blue emitting peaking at 375 nm probably originating from C=C.

This study was carried out from 2015 to 2016 to identify the suitable sowing and harvesting dates of summer crops in the mountain of Yeongnam, South Korea. The experimental design consisted of the different sowing and harvesting dates as follows: corn hybrid (Z. mays, Kwangpyeongok) of sowing (May 8, 19, and 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30); sorghum×sorghum hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor, SS405) of sowing (May 27, June 19 and June 27) and harvesting (August 10, 20, and 30). In corn hybrid, ear rate and dry matter (DM) yield decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date. Otherwise, ear rate and DM yield increased (p<0.05) with the postponement of harvesting date. Crude protein content decreased (p<0.05) with the postponement of sowing date, but neutral detergent fiber content increased (p<0.05). In sorghum×sorghum hybrid, plant length and DM yield with the postponement of harvesting date increased (p<0.05), while crude protein content with the postponement of harvesting date decreased (p<0.05). This study concluded that sowing corn hybrid in early May and sorghum×sorghum hybrid in early June then harvest in the middle of August was recommend to increase dry matter yield and feed value.

The IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) has been established purposely to enhance the greater safety of vessel’s navigation by standardizing the language used among seafarers. However, accidents are still occurred due to communication failures among onboard merchant vessels’ crews. It is worth mentioning that the major cause of marine accidents is human error (80%) where one-third from it was due to communication failures. Ineffective communication, different culture and language among seafarers onboard are some instigators of human error that lead to accidents in marine operations. Therefore, the primary aim of this paper is to investigate and evaluate the causal factors that contributes to communication failures onboard merchant vessels. Then, this paper recommends possible solutions for minimizing the communication failures among seafarers. To achieve this research objectives, two decision-making tools which are the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Evidential Reasoning (ER) was applied. Data and judgments are obtained from domains experts from four marine training providers and eight shipowners in Malaysia. The result has shown that lack of SMCP knowledge, prejudice and dialect varieties are the most significant factors that contribute to the communication failures onboard merchant vessels. Few suggestions and opinions from the experts are proposed in this paper. This research can assist marine training providers and shipowners to identify and evaluate the causal factors of communication failures thus corrective action can be taken.