Background : Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera, commonly known as the air potato, air yam, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam) is a species of true yam in the yam family, and has been used as folk remedy to treat conjunctivitis, diarrhea and dysentery, etc. This study was carried out to investigate shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera) in order to elevate utilization of Dungkunma as fresh food. Methods and Results : Before vacuum-packaging (in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 ㎛, 15 × 20 ㎝, 75 ± 2 ㎝Hg) and storage at 2℃, Dungkunma were peeled out and cut to dice type (2.0 ± 0.5 ㎤), and then washed and blanched (30 sec at 90 ± 2℃ hot water and 2% NaCl solution) and pre-dried at room temperature, 40℃ and 50℃ for removing surface water. Each peeled dice Dungkunma were packed 50 g in polyethylene/polypropylene film (100 ㎛, 15 × 20 ㎝) with vacuum treatment (75 ± 2 ㎝Hg) and stored at 2℃ for 90 days. Hardness and adhesiveness of Dungkunma blanched by 2% NaCl and pre-dried at 50℃ (SB50) was the highest and increased and decreased, respectively, but changes was the least during storage. Lightness and yellowness of stored Dungkunma in all treatments decreased slightly and redness increased during storage but changes of color was the least at SB50. On vacuum packing, SB50 showed 1.88 log CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria during 90 days, and E. coliwas detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Dioscin and allantoin content of SB50 was virtually unchanged during the storage. Conclusion : Consequently, the results of this study suggest that vacuum packaged Dungkunma after blanching at 2% NaCl could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma and could be easily used.

Background : Korea ginseng root has been traditionally used as a tonic as it is stated to have the capacity to normalize body functions and strengthen systems that are caused by various stresses. So, ginseng is functional food with the functionalities certified by Korea Food and Drug Administration. But, there are not many different products using ginseng. This study was conducted to develop the new ginseng beverage product using emulsify process. Methods and Results : White ginseng and red ginseng, 4-years old, prepared were ground to 60 ± 5 mesh using a grinder (Cyclotec 1093, POSS Co., Swiss). Emulsion with white ginseng powder (WGP) and lipid phase (canola oil) were prepared using the modified method (Yun & Hong, 2007). Oil-in water emulsions were made by homogenizing (5,000 – 15,000 rpm, 20 – 60 min), and then were analysed ginsenosides content, protein and polysaccharide content. The higher the speed of homogenizer and the longer the time, the higher the ginsenosides extraction rate. On emulsifying for 60 min at 12,000 rpm, ginsenosides were extracted by more than 95%. Red ginseng powder (RGP) was superior to WGP in emulsified activity, but WGP was superior to RGP in emulsion stabilizing. Comparing components of WGP and RGP emulsion, RGP had more ginsenosides content than WGP, and less polysaccharides content. When mixing WGP and RGP with a ratio of 90 : 10 – 70 : 30, the emulsion have excellent emulsifying and stabilizing. Conclusion : Thus, WGP and RGP are the same ginseng, but they have different physiological characteristics because their manufacturing process is different. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization of ginseng by using excellent emulsion stabilizing of WGP and emulsifying of RGP.

Background : Platycodon grandiflorum root (PGR) was one of the primary herbs used in a phlegm-relieving herb from the past. Platycoside compounds on PGR may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties. In order to developing a concentrate product that improved the functionality and preference of PGR, it was fermented using lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum N76-10 and 56-12). Methods and Results : The concentrate products were created by PGR-concentrate (PGRC, 60 ºBrix) mixed with fermented PGR-extract (FPGRE, 2 ºBrix) at the level of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%. Sweetness and preference were supplemented by other added materials including honey, oligosaccharide, concentrate of jujube (60 ºBrix) and pear (60 ºBrix), and cactus Chounnyouncho extract (2 ºBrix). The products were put into investigation for their preference of taste, antimicrobial activity in accordance with amount of FPGRE. When it comes to preference of taste, the most favor is adding 100% of FPGRE on PGRC. The product added 150% FPGRE exhibited a strong microbial anti-proliferation in all four kinds (Corynrbacterium diphtheriae, Klebsiella pnneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) of bacteria inducing bronchus diseases and was higher antimicrobial activity than concentrate without FPGRE. In terms of the sensory evaluation (taste, texture and visco-elasticity), concentrate mixed with FPGRE (10), jujube concentrate (2), pear concentrate (10), cactus Chounnyouncho extract (10), oligosaccharide (2), honey (1) and xanthan gum (0.02) showed the highest scores. Conclusion : Thus, A PGR concentrate was made by adding FPGRE (100%) and it was increased organoleptic quality, antimicrobial activity. These studies may provide new product development for effective utilization on Platycodon grandiflorum root.

Background : In this study, a total of 46 breeding lines consisting of native ginseng collections from Geumsan was analyzed and clustered for the selection of Geumsan native ginseng in Korea using DNA markers. Methods and Results : We collected 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan : GS97-25 - GS00-58. Analyses of the genetic characteristics of the collection were conducted for extraction gDNA using sprout. 46 Ginseng breeding lines from Geumsan could be identified polymorphism using the selected 5 primer. We determained that the 46 breeding lines analyzed could be classified into 5 groups with similartiy value of 0.77 in dendrogram derived from the cluster analysis based on STS-markers. Group 4, which is the largest one, contained 19 collertions (41%). Conclusion : These finding could be used for morphological and genetic characteristics for produced native ginseng in Geumsan area. Futhermore, We could be used diverse genetic resources for Ginseng breeding.

Background : The most problematic disease in Boxthorn is Anthracnose. New variety with Anthracnose-resistant is good for high yield and Safe fruit production in open field. Therefore it is necessary to develop a New variety with Anthracnose -resistant and high yield. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CB10511-104 was selected from the cross between Cheongun (IT232599) and CB08456-113 to breed new variety with high yield and Anthracnose-resistant in 2011. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2012 to 2013 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 25. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo for 3 years, from 2014 to 2016. Cheongyang 25 was registered as the new variety, Cheonggeum, in 2016. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; Tree shape is open type and the leaf is round-lanceolate. The flowers are normal size and purple. The fruit is large size, round oval and yellowish red. The flowering was June 19 with medium flowering. Number of sprout branch by pruning was generated more than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was as strong as 39.6 percent. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly similare compared to the check variety, but check variety was Anthracnose-resistant. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check variety. The dried-fruit yield was decreased about 17 percent in open field. Conclusion : This variety ‘Cheonggeum’ was suitable for cultivation in open field because of Anthracnose-resistant. It is necessary the companion variety, Cheonghong, because of self-incompatible.

Background : Bai Zhu (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.) has been generally harvested in 1-2 years after seedstock planting. Recently, seed is used increasingly for planting in spring and rhizome is harvested in 1 year. In 1 year open field culture, seed harvesting rate is low below 30% and supply and demand of seed is so hard. This study was carried out to improve seed harvesting for stable seed supply and demand in Atractylodes macrocephala Methods and Results : Seed of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi was directly sown in open field, under tunnel and rain shielding condition in mid-April. Tunnel was installed from prebloom, mid-september to seed harvesting time, November using 240 ㎝ wires for 120 ㎝ by interval and 20 ㎝ by height in furrow to assure insect pollination and wind fertilization. In rain shielding condition, plant height was highest as 38.2 ㎝ and number of branches, number of nodes, and content of chlorophyll were higher as 7.8 ea/plant, 8.7 ea/plant, and 65.4 respectively compared to open field and under tunnel. Flowering time was earliest as 23rd September in rain shielding condition and in open field and under tunnel was 26th September. There is no blossom rot in rain shielding condition while blossom rot occurrence was highest in open field by 5 in degree. Seed setting rate was highest as 42.0% in tunnel cultivation and seed weight per plant and 1,000 seed weight were highest as 3.7 g/plant and 22.3 g respectively. Total seed yield was higher as 58% and 65% in tunnel and rain shield condition respectively compared to 29 ㎏/10 a of open field. Tunnel cultivation for seed production of Atractylodes macrocephala is more beneficial for lower installation cost. Conclusion : Tunnel cultivation for seed production of Atractylodes macrocephala is more beneficial due to low blossom rot degree by 1, higher 1,000 seed weight and seed setting rate as 19.0 g and 42%, increased seed yield, and lower installation cost.

Background : In the year 2015, the area under rhizome of Rehmannia glutinosa in Chungnam province increased to 65% (105 ha) of domestic total cutivation area and is recognized as income crop. Since proper strorage method of rhizome has not been established, rhizome decay rate is so high during storage. This experiment was carried out to establish proper strorage method for stable production of rhizome of Rehmannia glutinosa Methods and Results : Korea jiwhang was used for this experiment and rhizome was cured under vinyl house and room temperature for 1, 2, 3 days respectively. Rhizome was stored for 140 days at –2 - 0℃ after curing, and rhizome quality and saprogen were investigated after storage. Trimming loss was 11.3 - 21.9%, higher in longer curig time and rice hull packing. Moisture content was 70.0 - 75.1%, higher in shorter curing time and no rice hull packing. Curing efficacy was better in vinyl house than room temperature, decay rate by weight and number of rhizome was lowest in 48hrs curing and no hull packing as 0.5% and 2.0% respectively. Identified saprogen during storage was Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium tricinctum, Penicillium verrucosum, Mucor racemosus. Conclusion : Curing efficacy was better in 48hrs treatment under vinyl house with lowest decay rate and rice hull packing increased decay rate considerd due to saprogen existing in rice hull. 4 saprogens including Fusarium oxysporum were identified during storage of rhizome.

Background : Black Non-Woven Fabric Mulch Culture was knowned increased crop Yield and saved weeding labor in Liriope Pilatyphylla Wang et Tang. But to the removal and planting labor is more needed, So some famers are avoidance that culting method. Methods and Results : So this study was experimented in order to selecting optimun removal time in Liriope Pilatyphylla Wang et Tang mulch culture. Removal time were conventional practices (in April next yesr), September, October and November. In early, Plant length, Root length, Leaf number and number of plants was the long and many by the sooner removal time and also, dry weight was heavier. Black non-woven fabric removal labor was saved by the sooner removal time. The main event of weeds were Cyperus serotinus Rottb and Portulaca oleracea L. In harvest time, Plant length and plants of numbers was the longest and heavier at conventional practice (in April next year) and November removed. Tuberous root number was the more in September removal, Because, the tuber was tall and long. Total1y consideration of the including weeds shooting, weeding labor and Growth and development situation, Black non-woven fabric removal optimum time was September or Conventional practices (in April next year). Conclusion : Black non-woven fabric optimum removal time was the september . In this experiment, increased yield 9, income 16 percent than conventional practices (in April next year).

Background : Natural Mortality Vinyl much culture are increased crop yield and saved weeding workforce. But research is insufficient that of Liriope Pilatyphylla Wang et Tang. Black non-woven fabric mulch culture are increased crop yield and superior to occurrence of weeds, but to the removal and planting more labor needed, so, Farmers are avoidance using that. Methods and Results : So this study designed in order to selecting the best covering material. Using in this study, covering materials were Conventional practices (non covering), Natural mortality vinyl and black non-woven fabric. Soil temperature was continued highly after planting from in mid-may to in august a regular. among them natural mortality vinyl mulch was the highest. Natural mortality vinyl mulch was the fastest that humidity of soil change and Growth and development situation by maintaining proper temperature and humidity. Non mulching was little change in temperature and humidity and the slowest in the Growth and development situation. The main event of weeds were Cyperus serotinus Rottb and Portulaca oleracea L. Weeding labor was saved from 43 to 57 percent in the natural mortality vinyl and black non-woven fabric mulch. Plant length was the shortest in the conventional practices and Root length, Leaf number and number of plants were little changed. Yield was increased from 27 to 29 percent in the natural mortality vinyl and black non-woven fabric mulch than conventional practices. Result of comprehensive economic analysis including weeding labor and yield, the natural mortality vinyl mulch culture was income increased 92 percent than conventional practices. Conclusion : Natural mortality vinyl mulch culture were weeds shooting controled and increased yield 39, income 92 percent than conventional practices (non covering).

Background : Acreage of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse to prevent anthrax is being gradually increased according to growing importance of safe Boxthorn production. But When Boxthorn is grown in the hot season in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, Fertility decreases. The fertilization rate tends to be different according to cultivated variety and ventilation type of rain-shelter plastic greenhouse. Therefore it is necessary to identify cause and look for a solution. Methods and Results : In the experiment, ‘Cheongun’ cultivar was grown in the rain-shelter plastic greenhouses for the tests. Environment of rain-shelter plastic greenhouses, fertilization rate and density of flower visiting insect were investigated according to ventilation type. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation on stigma were investigated according to temperature. In mid-July, the temperature on a clear day rose to 45℃ in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation on stigma were normal for 3 hours on 30, 35℃. Fertilization rate was somewhat reduced on 40℃ but Pollen germination and pollen tube elongation was good. On 45℃, fertilization rate was very poor and There was no pollen germination. Density of flower visiting insect in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of roof and side vents was higher than that in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. The fertilization rate on high temperature did not show any difference regardless of ventilation type. The rate of artificial cross-fertilization and airborne fertilization were high in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of roof and side vents. It was necessary to improve airborne fertilization rate because airborne fertilization rate was significantly lower than artificial cross-fertilization regardless of ventilation type. Conclusion : When it was cultivated in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse, the reasons for the lowering of the fertilization rate were as follows. Density of flower visiting insect was low. Boxthorn, which was insect pollination crop, was needed sufficient flower visiting insect on flowering period. But it was insufficiency especially in rain-shelter plastic greenhouse of side vents. Another reason was decrease in pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. Pollen germination was suppressed in the high temperature.

Background : In recent, a nationwide decrease in ginseng cultivation area and production is observed, and as the sales of ginseng decreases due to the economic downturn, the ginseng industry in Korea is going through more and more difficulties. However, sales of young ginseng, which are ready for the market after a short-term cultivation - 25 to 45 days - of 1 year old ginseng seedlings or 2 - 3 year old young ginseng in greenhouses and plant factories without using any chemical fertilizers, in large grocery chains and online shops is increasing. However, proper studies on cultivation of young ginseng in greenhouses are yet to be conducted, and thus, experiencing several issues including the cost burden of bed soil and disease occurred from reuse of the soil. Therefore, this study is to provide solutions for farmers cultivating young ginseng by determining the optimal type and amount of bed soil for box culture. Methods and Results : To determine the optimal type of bed soil for cultivation of young ginseng, six types of bed soil were produced by blending bed soil specialized for ginseng, granite residual soil and leaf mold in different ratios. To determine the optimal amount of bed soil for box culture of young ginseng, 1 year old ginseng seedlings are planted in three boxes - each in size of 52 ㎝ × 36.5 ㎝ × 9 ㎝ (W × L × H) filled with soils of 6 ℓ, 7 ℓ and 8 ℓ for an experimentation. Growth and development of 45-day old young ginseng showed satisfactory progress in the following order: 100% commercially available bed soil > 80% commercially available bed soil + 20% granite residual soil > 60% commercially available bed soil + 20% granite residual soil + 20% leaf mold, while the gross weight of below-aerial parts showed the same result. Conclusion : The optimum type of bed soil for greenhouse cultivation of young ginseng is the commercially available bed soil specialized for ginseng cultivation. However, the young ginseng showed relatively satisfactory growth and development in mixed bed soil - 60% commercially available bed soil + 20% granite residual soil + 20% leaf mold - and the growth and development of young ginseng were most satisfactory when the box (52 ㎝ × 36.5 ㎝ × 9 ㎝, W × L × H) was filled with 8 ℓ bed soil.

Background : The main ingredients of bed soil specialized for ginseng, which is often used in cultivation of young ginseng, are peat moss, vermiculite and cocopeat. These ingredients are imported from overseas countries because they are not produced in Korea, and thus play an important role in pricing of the bed soil. The bed soil products show satisfactory ability to retain moisture but, are known to require different containers and water management methods depending on the components of the soil and the crops to be cultivated. However, proper studies on cultivation of young ginseng in greenhouses are yet to be conducted, and research data on water management methods and irrigation amount for box culture of young ginseng are largely unavailable. Methods and Results : To establish the proper method of irrigation for cultivation of young ginseng, young ginseng were cultivated while providing water once a week through the method of drip irrigation and the method that combines drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. To establish the proper amount of water required, each box is provided with 2 ℓ, 3 ℓ and 4 ℓ of water respectively and the growth and development of both above and below aerial parts were examined after 45 days. The growth and development of both above and below aerial parts of young ginseng did not show any statistically significant differences between the two irrigation methods but, the young ginseng provided with water through the method that combines drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation showed a relatively superior growth. Conclusion : Based on the above results, the proper method of irrigation for greenhouse cultivation of young ginseng is to combine the sprinkler irrigation - before budding - and the drip irrigation - after budding. The young ginseng showed the most satisfactory growth when provided with 4 ℓ water once a week, while those provided with less water – 2 ℓ - showed poor growth. For short-term cultivation of 45 days, the growth and development of young ginseng showed little difference regardless of the irrigation methods and the amount of water provided.

Background : With the recent increase in the area of ginseng cultivation in greenhouses, demand for studies of proper cropping patterns in direct seedling of ginseng and varieties of cultivation are increasing, and the needs for clean production of quality ginseng in greenhouses are emerging in connection with the consumer demand for pesticide-free ginseng and the supply and demand of ginseng seedling for cultivation of young ginseng. Therefore, this study is to provide baseline data in improving of quality of ginseng cultivated in greenhouses by examining the contents of ginsenoside in ginseng cultivated in different cropping patterns and different varieties. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the contents of ginsenoside in 3-year old, direct seedling ginseng cultivated in greenhouses in different depths – 10 ㎝, 20 ㎝ and 30 ㎝ - and width – 90 ㎝, 100 ㎝, 110 ㎝ and 120 ㎝ - of furrows, the contents of ginsenoside showed little differences by the depths of furrow in the furrow width of 90 ㎝ but, the highest content of ginsenoside Rb1 was observed in the furrow width of 120 ㎝ and depth of 20 ㎝, while the ginsenoside contents were high in the furrow depth of 20 ㎝ and width of 100 ㎝ and 120 ㎝. The contents of ginsenoside in different varieties of direct seedling cultivation in greenhouses were greater in the following order: Geumgin > Geumsun > Chunpoong, while the contents of ginsenoside Rb1 were observed to be superior in Sunhyang, Gopoong and Geumseon and the contents of ginsenoside Rb2 were greater in the order of Geumgin > Guemsun >　Cheonpoong. Conclusion : Based on the results, the contents of ginsenoside in different cropping patterns of direct seedling cultivation in greenhouses were higher in lower depths of furrow - 10 ㎝ and 20 ㎝ - at furrow widths wider than 100 ㎝. The contents of ginsenoside in different varieties of direct seedling cultivation in greenhouses were higher in varieties of Geumjin, Geumsun and Chunpoong.

MRI검사는 조직의 대조도가 우수하여 근골격계 진단에 유용한 검사방법이다. 근골격계 검사 시 환자상태에 따라 보조기구가 이용되는 보조기구의 종류가 다양하지 않을 뿐 아니라 비용도 비싸다. 이에 본 연구는 3D 프린팅 기술의 활용하여 MRI 검사 보조기구를 제작하였다. 보조기구 제작과정으로는 3D 모델링(3D MAX.2014, Fusion360)을 사용해 STL파일로 변환 후 슬라이싱 프로그램(Cubicreater 2.1ver., Cura 15.4ver)을 통해 G-code로 변환시킨 후 FDM방식의 프린트(Cubicon Style, MICRO MAKE)로 출력하였다. 출력물이 MRI영상에 미치는 SNR을 평가하기 위해 FDM에서 사용하되는 PLA, ABS, TPU를 두께 3mm로 된 Water Phant om 케이스를 제작하여 case 사용 전, 후를 시험을 실시하여 비교하였으며, 보조기구 사용 전, 후의 임상영상을 정성적으로 평가 하였다. 영상을 획득하여 나타난 Warter Phantom의 SNR은 T1 NON 123.778 ± 28.492, PLA 123.522 ± 28.373, ABS 124.461 ± 25.716, TPU 124.843 ± 27.272 로 평가되었다. T2 NON 127.421 ± 26.949, PLA 124.501 ±2 7.768, ABS 128.663 ± 26.549, TPU 130.171 ± 25.998 로 평가되었다. 그 결과 통계 적으로 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 보조기구의 사용 전, 후의 임상영상 평가 결과 고식적 방법 3.20 ± 0.88, 보조기구 사용 3.95 ± 0.76 으로 보조기구 사용 후 영상의 질이 향상되었다. 향후 3D프린팅을 이용한 보조기구의 제작은 임상적으로 사용이 가능할 것으로 생각되고, 환자들의 검사 시 보다 안전하고 편안한 보조기구제작을 할 수 있어 기존에 쓰이는 보조기구의 문제점들을 개선하는 대안이 될 것으로 전망된다.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial, and damage occurs due to various diseases and pests. As a result, yield decreases and quality deteriorates. In particular, it is impossible to be repeatedly cultivated due to root rot, soil-borne disease. For this, in order to control root rot and repeatedly cultivate ginseng by using soil fumigation from virgin soil, this experiment was conducted. Methods and Results : This experiment was performed in ginseng farm field, Geumsan-gun, Chungnam province. And total area was 3ha. And the experiment was conducted in soil where apple trees had been grown. Apple trees were rooted up in 2006. And soil was fumigated in May 2007. With regard to soil fumigant, soil was treated with Basamid of 40kg/10a. After soil fumigation, 5 ton/10a of cattle manure fermented for 1 year was put in the soil in June, and then the soil was cared for by being plowed and rotary-tilled as occasion. Ginseng seeds were sowed in the soil cared for in October 2007. And 4-year-old ginseng was harvested in 2011. The soil from which ginseng was harvested was fumigated by the same method in May 2012, and then ginseng seeds were sowed in 1.5ha in October 2012 and in 1.5ha in October 2013. In October 2013, 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng was harvested. And ginseng growth characteristics and root rot incidence was examined. It was shown that 4-year-old ginseng yield after the fumigation of virgin soil was nearly 2 times as high as that of conventional virgin soil cultivation. And root rot didn't occur. After that time, the soil was fumigated again. And when ginseng was cultivated, 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng yield was 650kg and 960kg per 10a. And it was shown that root rot incidence was 1.3% and 15.3% in 3-year-old and 4-year-old ginseng respectively. Conclusion : This study showed the results where ginseng can be cultivated repeatedly if soil was fumigated again after ginseng was harvested following the soil fumigation from virgin soil so as to control the ginseng root rot and cultivate ginseng repeatedly.

Background : The effective components of Omija(Schisandra chinensis Bailllon) are lignans (schizandrins and gomisins), and this components were contented mostly in seed part on Omija, which have various physiological functionalities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine effective condition(CO2, CO2+ethanol) on extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE) system and to find interrelation on effective components and antioxidant activity of extracts and residues obtained after extraction. Effective components were analysed lignans and phenolic compounds and antioxidant activirty was determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability on methanol extracts of SFE-extract and SFE-residue. On SFE with ethanol, SFE extract was separated two phase, upper(water phase) and lower(oil phase). SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content(61.36 mg/g, 72.14 mg/g on lower, 50.58 mg/g on upper) and the lowest total phenolic compounds(6.52 mg/100g) and SFE-residue showed the lowest total lignans content(1.45 mg/g) and the highest total phenolic compounds(16.23 mg/100g) by extracted on CO2+ethanol treatment. SFE-residue methanol extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging abilities and SFE-extract upper showed the lowest. Conclusion : Thus, this results showed SFE-extract showed the highest total lignans content, but SFE-residue showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability although the lowest total lignans content.

Background : Ginseng berry(GB) is useful not only just in growing source but also in functional food source. The ingredients of crops varies with the maturity. So, GB ingredients need to be analyse for optimal harvesting stage of GB against appropriate use. Methods and Results : This study was carried out to determine optimal harvesting stage of GB. GB was harvested 5 day periods from July 12, started harvesting when pollination was 50 days old, until August 1. GB was analysed color, ginsenosides and fatty acids using colorimeter, LC and GC, respectively. As the majority of GB increase, color of freeeze drying GB powder were changed that lightness and yellowness was increased, redness was decreased. Ginsenoside Re, Rb1 and Rb2, major ginsenoside in GB, were increased and Ginsenoside F1, Rk1 and Rg5, minor ginsenoside, were increased for a time and then decreased. Oleic acid, the main fatty acid in GB, was decreased, and linoleic acid and total fatty acid content was increased to July 27 and then decreased. Conclusion : Total ginsenosides content was the highest on August 1 and total fatty acid content was the highest July 27. As the majority of GB increase, ratio of oleic acid on total fatty acid was decreased and linoleic acid was increased. Thus, GB is that the longer a harvest period and the more useful for food source.

Background : As the farmers who grow Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Miller) in rain-shelter greenhouses increase, it is necessary to develop a cultivar with self-compatibility and high quality. Methods and Results : The new boxthorn line, CBP06419-243 was selected from the cross between CBP03310-250(IT232705) and CBP05399-1 to breed the cultivar with self-compatibility and high quality. These lines used for crossing was tetradilpoid induced by the colchicine treatment on bud. Its preliminary yield test was performed from 2009 to 2011 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 18. Its regional yield trials were carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo from 2012, 2014, 2015 and Cheongyang 18 was registered as the new variety, Whasu, in 2015. The specific characteristics were summarized as follows; Tree shape is semi-open type and the leaf is lanceolate. The flowers are distinctly larger. The fruit type is medium size, long oblong and yellowish red. The flowering was June 21 with medium flowering. Branching by pruning its sprout was generated less than the check variety, Cheongmeong. The infection rates on leaves to Eriophys macrodonis Keifer was as strong as 7.7 percent. Anthracnose on fruits in open field was slightly severe compared to the check variety, but the infection rates in rain shelter greenhouses was similar. The content of betaine and free sugar in dried-fruits were higher than that of the check. The dried-fruit yield was decreased about 13 percent in open field, but increased 18 percent in rain shelter greenhouses. Conclusion : This variety ‘Whasu’ was suitable for cultivation in plastic film greenhouses because of self-compatibility and high-yielding. It is not necessary the companion variety.

Background : To diversify and increase the demend of Boxthorn, it is breeding for medicinal herbs, food and fresh fruit. Therefore Ningxia with the high sugar content and Black Fruit Containing a lot of functional ingredients have been used for cross breeding. As a result, many new lines were developed. Therefore It was carried out to use as a data for new varieties through the characterization of good lines. Methods and Results : 12 varieties and lines were investigated. Diploid boxthorn were Chengmyeong (Lycium chinense Mill.), Ningxia (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Fruit (Lycium ruthenicum Murray). Tetraploid boxthorn is Whasu. Breeding Lines were CB13593-8, CB13595-4, CB13592-9, CB13596-1, CB13597-37, CB14643-43, CB14622-2 and CB14626-4. The fruit of lines crossed with Black Fruit (Lycium ruthenicum Murray) were round. The various lines were breeded with black fruit, good fruiting and good soil adaptability. Leaves were small and thin in Compared with tetraploid Boxthorn, Whasu. Sugar content was very high in CB14643-43, CB13595-4, CB13597-37 and CB13593-8. So it’s good for fresh fruit. Conclusion : CB14643-43, CB13595-4, CB13597-37 and CB13593-8 lines were good for fresh fruit because of high sugar content of the fruit. CB14622-2 and CB13596-1 lines were good for food because of fruit color, seed weight and number of seeds. But these are required function component analysis.

Background : Ginseng is a cold-adopting plant that likes cold climate. As the temperature of korea is increasing to the extent that makes it unsuitable for growing ginseng, there is a need arising for developing ginseng breed that can adapt to higher temperature. Out of 76 genetic lines of 4 years old ginseng owned by our research lab, 5 lines with good and high ginsenoside contents were selected. The test was performed to compare their ginsenoside contents and growth characteristics to the existing ones. Methods and Results : A study was done on the growth of 5 lines of ground part with high ginsenoside contents such as GS97-24-2. The results show that the growth of leaf length and width was best for GS98-4-5 and Geumsun. The root weight of the underground part was good, with the growth of 27.8g per ginseng. The root length did not vary across lines. Geumsun and GS97-24-2 showed the same total length. The growth of rootlet was best for GS98-4-5 lines, showing 5.4 rootlets. The total ginsenoside contents of the underground part was highest for American ginseng with 54.31mg/g, followed by GS98-4-5, GS97-24-2, and Geumsun. American ginseng was high in ginsenoside Re and Rb1 in contents compared to Korean ginseng. Although total ginsenoside contents were high, Rg2 and Rf were not detected in American ginseng while Korean ginseng contained good amount of Rg2 and Rf. Conclusion : Base on the results above, the best ground part among the high ginsenoside lines was GS98-4-5. For underground part, the growth of Americal ginseng and Gopoong were the best. American ginseng, which has good underground part growth even in hot season, contained high ginsenoside contents too. On the other hand, Korean ginseng had more variety of ginsenoside compared to American ginseng.