최근 20년 동안 한대 황제릉의 고고학적 조사․탐사 발굴 작업은 한대제릉의 형식과 배 치, 발전 및 변화의 궤적을 밝혀내는데 성과를 거두었다. 이 글에서는 이미 발표된 고고학 자료와 여러 학자들의 연구성과를 기초로 한대 황제릉의 고고학적 성과와 연구과정을 소개하 고, 능묘배치, 내포된 함의을 중점적으로 소개하였다. 서한(西漢)은 “사사여생(事死如生)” 즉, 죽은자 섬기기를 산자 섬기듯 하였는데, 황제릉제도의 특징을 요약하면, “제후동토부동 혈(帝后同茔不同穴)”로, 황제와 황후는 동일 묘역에 장례를 치루지만, 각자의 능원을 가지 며, 이중능원, 외릉원 안에서 제후는 각기 소능원을 가지며, 능원담장 밖에는 한겹 또는 2중 으로 해자를 둘렀다. 복두형 봉분으로 4개의 묘도가 있는 아자형묘(亞字形墓)이며. 가장 긴 동쪽의 묘도가 무덤의 주묘도이다. 무덤 안은 황장제주의 목곽구조이며, 묘주는 금루옥의를 입고 있다. 능원 안에는 대량의 외장갱이 있고, 여러 기의 건축물이 있으며, 비빈의 합장묘 가 있다. 수량은 몇기에서 수십기로 차등이 있다. 능원밖에는 대량의 배장묘(陪葬墓)가 있 다. 서한 선제이전의 제릉은 근처에 능읍을 설치하였다. 동한(東漢)은 박장(薄葬)을 부르짖 어, 서한시대의 능묘시설을 중시하였던 것과 비교된다. 제사의식을 더 중시하였으며, 동한시기 제릉의 규모가 서한 때 보다 훨씬 작다. 특징은 다음과 같다. 제후동혈장(帝后同穴葬)으 로, 한겹의 능원으로 규모가 작거나 혹은 한 겹의 해자가 있거나 또는 원구형 봉분이다. 무 덤형식은 묘도가 하나인 갑자형묘(甲字形墓)로, 묘도는 통상적으로 묘실의 남측에 있다. 묘 실은 가로형 전실과 세로형 후실이 있거나 혹은 다실(多室)의 전석묘(磚石墓)이다. 묘주는 몸에 금루옥의를 걸치고 있다. 능원 안에는 석전(石殿)건축과 종거(鐘簴)건축이 있다. 외장 갱이 없는 것은, 서한시기의 외장체계를 무덤 안으로 포함시켰으며, 배장묘는 있다.

In the past 20 years, great achievements have been made in the archaeological exploration and excavation of the mausoleums of the Han Dynasty, which has basically proved the shape, layout, and evolution of the mausoleums of the Han Dynasty. Based on the published archaeological materials and the research results of many scholars, this paper introduces the archaeological work and research process of the mausoleums of the Han Dynasty, and focuses on the layout and characteristics of the representative mausoleums. The idea of Han Dynasty is to treat the dead as if he were alive. The characteristics of the imperial mausoleums system in the Western Han Dynasty can be summarized as follows: The emperor and queen were buried in the same mausoleum, but in different tombs; double enclosure; in the outer enclosure, the emperor and the queen had their own small enclosure; There were one or two ditches outside the enclosure wall; the covering soil with truncated square cone; the shape of the mausoleum was a "亞" shaped tomb with four entrance passages, of which the East path was the longest and the main path; there was an outer coffin in the tomb, which was usually made of cypress with the timber headed in; the owner of the tomb was dressed in jade burial suit sewn with gold thread; in the enclosure, there were a large number of external burial pits, a number of buildings and burial tombs for concubines, ranging from several to dozens; outside the enclosure, there were a lot of funerary tombs; before Emperor Xuan of the Western Han Dynasty, a mausoleum feod was set up near the mausoleum. Compared with the Western Han Dynasty, which paid more attention to mausoleum facilities, the Eastern Han Dynasty advocated plain burial, and paid more attention to sacrificial rites. The mausoleum of the Eastern Han Dynasty was much smaller than that of the Western Han Dynasty, and its characteristics are as follows: the emperor and queen were buried in the same grave; one small enclosure; maybe there was one ditch outside the enclosure wall; the covering soil with dome shape; The shape of the tomb was a "甲" shaped tomb with one entrance passage, which was usually to the south of the chamber; brick chambered tombs, with transverse antechamber, longitudinal posterior chamber, or multiple chambers; the owner of the tomb was dressed in jade burial suit sewn with gold thread; there were stone building and building with hanging bells in the enclosure; there was no external burial pit, and the external burial facilities of the Western Han Dynasty were put inside the imperial mausoleum; There were accompanying tombs in the imperial mausoleum.