The purpose of this study is to estimate rainfall around the district of Mt. Kumgang using several orographic factors where rainfall can not be measured routinely. Orographic factors used are height-reading, direction of main valley, relative relief, degree of exposure, and direction of maximum slope. The distribution of calculated rainfall around Mt. Kumgang coincides well with that of observed one and shows much rainfall in summer.

The intensive meteorological observations including pibal balloon at Ungcheon, airsonde and 10m meteorological tower observations at Gulup-Do, where are located in the western coastal region, are taken to investigate the characteristics of the upper and lower atmospheric structure and the local circulation pattern during the period of 17 to 22 September 1996. The diurnal variations of weather elements(i.e, air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed) at Gulup-Do are analyzed and discussed with those at four inland meteorological stations. The vertical profiles of wind vector, orthogonality(Ω), and shear obtained from the pibal observations are also presented to examine the change of wind structure according to the synoptic-scale pressure system`s movement. The diurnal temperature changes at Gulup-Do are more sensitive than that of inland meteorological stations in case of the inflow of southwesterlies but are not dominant due to the ocean effect under the influence of relatively cold northerlies. A well defined mixed layer is developed from the 500m to the maximum 1700m with a significant capping inversion layer on the top of it. It can be found from the vertical profiles of wind vector that the wind become generally strong at the interface heights between cloud layers and non-cloud layers. The maximum wind shear is appeared at the height where the variation of wind direction induced by the passage of synoptic-scale pressure system is accompanied with the increase of wind speed. Based on the wind orthogonality, the change of wind direction with height is more complicated in cloudy day than in clear day. In case of a fair weather, the change of wind direction is showed to be at around 2㎞

One-dimensional thermodynamic mixed layer model to simulate variations of meteorological variables within the planetary boundary layer has been developed in this study. This model consists of 2 prognostic equations, which can predict the variations of potential temperature and mixing ratio and several diagnostic equations. Physics within the surface and mixed layers has been considered seperately in the model. For the variations of the model, its result has been analysed and compared with observated data over the Dukyang Bay for one day, July 23, 1992. The simulated height of mixed layer is comparable to the observation and the variations of temperature and mixing ratio in the mixed layer are also reasonably simulated. Those imply that the model responds appropriately with given boundary conditions in spite of its simplified assumptions applied to the model and insufficient boundary and initial conditions.

The characteristics on the transtion probabilities and periodicity for the daily precipitation occurrence in Korean peninsula are investigated by applying the Markov chain properties to daily precipitation occurrence. In order to examine the responses of Markov Chain properties to the applied period and their magnitudes, three cases (Case A: 1956∼1985 at 14 stations, Case B: 1965∼1994 at 14 stations, and Case C: 1985∼1994 at 63 stations) are considered in this study. The transition probabilities from wet day to wet day for all cases are about 0.50 and in summer, especially July, are higher. In addition, considering them in each station we can find that they are the highest at Ullung-do and lowest at Inchon for all cases. The annual equilibrium probabilities of a wet day appear 0.31 in Case A, 0.30 Case B, and 0.29 Case C, respectively. This may explain that as the data-period used becomes shorter, the higher the equilibrium probability is. The seasonal distributions of equilibrium probabilities are appeared the lowest(0.23∼0.28) in winter and the highest(more than 0.39) in spring and monthly in July and in October, repectively. The annual mean wet duration for all cases is 2.04 days in Case A, 1.99 Case B, and 1.89 Case C, repectively. The weather cycle obtained from the annual mean wet and dry duration is 6.54∼6.59 days, which are closely associated with the movement of synoptic systems. And the statistical tests show that the transitions of daily precipitation occurrence for all cases may have two-state first Markov chain property, being the stationarity in time and heterogeneity in space.

The atmospheric responses to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly(SSTA) over the equatorial eastern Pacific Ocean have been investigated using the horizontally fine resolution model based on OSU 2-layer Atmospheric General Circulation Model(AGCM). The SSTAs during the peak phase of 1982-83 El Nin∼o have been applied to the model as the boundary conditions of the experiment. The model simulates the eastward movement of the rising branch of the Walker circulation. That is, the major features associated with the El Nin∼no such as the increase of the precipitation rate over the center of the Pacific and decrease over the Indonesia, and the 500hPa geopotential height anomaly in the middle latitude are properly described in the fine resolution model experiment. The model results indicate that this horizontally fine resolution GCM can successfully simulate the ENSO anomalies and be more effectivelly used for the study of the climate and the climate changes.

The comparision of sunshine duration meter was carried out on the roof of Korea Meteorological Research Institude by comparing pyrheliometer(Eppley NIP model) to sunshine duration meter(Reflection type) during from Nov. 8, 1989 to Feb. 19, 1990. In the observation period, daily mean sunshine duration time difference of Jordan sunshine duration meter way recorded 0.47hour and Reflect sunshine duration meter was recorded 0.39hour. More than one hour time difference was observed 15 cases by Jordan sunshine duration meter and 11 cases by Reflect sunshine duration meter.

In order to examine the effect on the insolation of cloud cover, we analyzed the data of the insolation, cloud (over and surface air pressure in Pusan during the period of 1991. 10 - 1993.1. At first, we investigate the atmospheric transmissivity A(t) using the Beer`s law at clear skies. The atmospheric transmissivity is characterized by cold season high and warm season low. From this atmospheric transmissivity, the empirical formula that shows the variation of the insolation due to the cloud cover is obtained. The result formula is I = I_0 A(t^n)(0.7 - 0.05 × m ). I is the insolation that reaches the surface when cloud cover is m and I_0 is solar constant. Although the result is some rough it seems meaningful that the estimation of insolation can be made only from the routine data.

The climatological study of temperature inversion was conducted at the Tsukuba of Japan during the cold half year, the periods of which were both from October 1981 through March 1982 and from October 1982 through March 1983. Meteorological phenomena were observed to appear both from 10m to 200m above the ground and from the surface to 300hPa. The data collected from those phenomena were analyzed in terms of statistics, and investigated from a synoptic point of view. The results are as follow. The dispersion of the surface inversion happens right after sunrise through the whole period. The higher the upper layer is, the later that happens. Up to a height of 200m, the wind speed at a height of 25m has the greatest effect on temperature, but on the other hand the wind speed at a height of 10m has the greatest effect on inversion intensity.

The land and sea breeze over the Pusan coastal area is studied by three dimensional mesoscale numerical model. According to the results of the simulation experiments, both Pusan areas and Kimhae areas, the sea breeze began at 0800LST and the strongest at 1500LST and then at 1800LST. After midnight, the sea breeze changed about the land breeze and become weaker than that of the sea breeze in the daytime. Comparisons between calculations and observations showed that the characteristics of diurnal variation and v-component of the wind velocity relatively is similar to the Pusan areas. On the Kimhae areas, however, observations showed time lag which compared to the results of simulation experiments in the velocity of sea breeze and diurnal variation. From the above results, comparisons between calculations and observations is much more similar to the coastal areas than on the inland area.

Land-sea breeze over Pusan district is investigated by performing the numerical simulations with orography on a two-dimensional mesoscale model. The model results show that the sea breeze strengthens and begins to move inland at 1000LST. The strongest sea breeze is occurred at 1500LST and begins to weak at 1700 LST. After 2400LST a weaker land breeze compared with the sea breeze develops. The observed datas and the simulated land-sea breeze is not coinsidented exactly at the event day(1983. 9. 19.). But simulated land-sea breeze is corresponded of synoptic characteristics that was studied previously.