The consumer products in the living environments include a variety of chemicals which could be harmful in the human health. The aim of this study was to assess the inhalation exposure and risk for cleaning workers who had used bleach in the university. A total of 81 cleaning workers took part in this study. Frequency and amount of cleaning bleach during working hours were investigated by questionnaire interviews. Exposure assessment was used by the exposure algorithm and exposure factors. Used cleaning bleaches were analyzed to identify the ingredients, and risk by exposure was assessed by separating as carcinogen and non-carcinogen substances. The results of chemical substances and the questionnaire were used to assess the exposure factors, and the inhalation doses were calculated through inhalation exposure algorithm. According to the questionnaires for the cleaning workers, frequence of cleaning bleach was 11.66 ± 7.21 times per month. And average usage time and amount per cleaning work were 30.78 ± 36.00 minute and 20099.53 ± 12998.60 mg, respectively. Risks for carcinogenic substances of formaldehyde, ethylbenzene, and chloroform were exceeded by 56.79%, 27.16%, and 82.72% as the reference value of 10−6, respectively.

In order to enhance the selective adsorption of CO₂, the surface of granular activated carbon (GAC) was modified by an ammonia solution. Ammonia in an aqueous phase could be decomposed into NH4⁺, OH^- and other N-containing elements. The present work attempted to impregnate some basic functional groups leading to chemisorption of the activated carbon surface. While the addition of N-groups reduced the specific surface area from 2071.4 m²/g to about 1300-1400 m²/g, the adsorption capacity for CO₂ increased to a certain degree, and the best amination could be achieved with the reaction at 100℃ for 12 hours. The enhanced adsorption capacity could be obtained by formation of nitrogen functionalities such as amine, pyrrolic groups and pyridine oxides which were verified by XPS analysis.

본 연구는 항염증 효능을 가지는 한방처방제 휘발성 향기추출물을 이용하여 염증질환 치료 한방화장품 기능성소재를 개발하고자 하였다. 먼저 전보에서 항염증 효능이 있는 것으로 알려진 천궁, 당귀, 박하 및 애엽을 비롯하여 5가지 생약(적작약, 숙지황, 황금, 인삼 및 감초)으로 구성된 4가지 한방처방제(HH-1: 천궁, 당귀, 적작약, 숙지황, HH-2: 천궁, 당귀, 적작약, 숙지황, 황금, 인삼, 감초, HH-3: 천궁, 당귀, 박하, 애엽, HH-4: 천궁, 당귀, 박하, 애엽, 황금, 인삼, 감초)를 선정한 후 연속수증기증류법(simultaneous steam distillation extraction, SDE)을 이용하여 추출한 휘발성 향기추출물의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 및 soybean lipoxygenase (SLO)를 이용하여 각각 측정한 결과, HH-2가 다소 높은 항산화 활성뿐 아니라 SLO 저해활성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 항염증 활성이 강한 HH-2의 항염증 효능을 보다 상세하게 확인하기 위해 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 유발한 RAW 264.7세포를 이용하여 염증 유발매개인자인 nitric oxide (NO)와 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 및 interleukin-6 (IL-6) 생성 억제 효과를 측정한 결과, HH-2가 강한 NO 생성 억제 효과뿐 아니라 PGE2 및 IL-6를 강하게 억제하여 우수한 항염증 활성을 나타내었다. 항염증 활성이 높은 HH-2의 휘발성향기성분을 GC-MS로 분석한 결과, eugenol, paeonol, butyl phthalide,β-eudesmol 및 butylidene dihydrophthalide로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과로부터 항산화뿐만 아니라 항염증활성이 높은 HH-2를 피부노화 및 염증질환 치료용 한방화장품의 기능성 소재 개발 가능성을 확인하였다